Recreation and ecotourism opportunities are significant and complex Cultural Ecosystem Services, including various ecological and socio-economic aspects. Therefore, an integrated approach is needed to address these service complexities to help inform recreation and tourism planning and management. This study aims to develop an integrated model to map and assess Recreation Opportunity Ecosystem Services (ROES) in the north of Iran involving various ecosystem attributes and indicators. The methodological framework followed in this study allowed us to identify the spatial distribution pattern of recreation ES supply and demand in the study area. Particularly, this study explored the spatial mismatches between the capacity of ecosystems to provide recreational services and societal needs by applying a supply-demand ratio indicator. To predict the future pattern of recreation ES provision in the study area, two scenarios were performed. The results showed that the areas with the highest ROES provision account for only a small share of the study area where there is a high ecosystem potential to fulfill human demand for recreation ES. The results of the mismatch analysis revealed that urban and rural areas showed a shortfall in supply, whereas the areas with a high degree of naturalness exhibited an excess supply than demand. The hot spot analysis performed for two current and future scenarios showed that the areas of recreation ES hot spots considerably decreased due to population growth and land use change in the study area over a 30-year period. Our findings can provide insights for decision-making and spatial planning to maintain recreation ES and the benefits delivered to users.

休闲和生态旅游机会是重要而复杂的文化生态系统服务，包括各种生态和社会经济方面。因此，需要一种综合方法来解决这些服务的复杂性，以帮助为娱乐和旅游规划和管理提供信息。本研究旨在开发一个综合模型来绘制和评估伊朗北部涉及各种生态系统属性和指标的休闲机会生态系统服务 (ROES)。本研究遵循的方法框架使我们能够确定研究区域休闲 ES 供需的空间分布格局。特别是，本研究通过应用供需比指标探讨了生态系统提供娱乐服务的能力与社会需求之间的空间不匹配。为了预测研究区域娱乐 ES 供应的未来模式，进行了两种情景。结果表明，具有最高 ROES 规定的区域仅占研究区域的一小部分，这些区域具有很高的生态系统潜力来满足人类对娱乐 ES 的需求。错配分析结果显示，城乡地区呈现供给不足，自然度高的地区呈现供给大于需求。对当前和未来两个情景进行的热点分析表明，由于研究区域 30 年期间的人口增长和土地利用变化，休闲 ES 热点区域显着减少。