Synthetic biology seeks to probe fundamental aspects of biological form and function by construction [i.e., (re)synthesis] rather than deconstruction (analysis). In this sense, biological sciences now follow the lead given by the chemical sciences. Synthesis can complement analytic studies but also allows novel approaches to answering fundamental biological questions and opens up vast opportunities for the exploitation of biological processes to provide solutions for global problems. In this review, we explore aspects of this synthesis paradigm as applied to the chemistry and function of nucleic acids in biological systems and beyond, specifically, in genome resynthesis, synthetic genetics (i.e., the expansion of the genetic alphabet, of the genetic code, and of the chemical make-up of genetic systems), and the elaboration of orthogonal biosystems and components.

中文翻译：

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扩展的中心法则：基因组再合成、正交生物系统、合成遗传学

合成生物学试图通过构建[即（重新）合成]而不是解构（分析）来探索生物形式和功能的基本方面。从这个意义上说，生物科学现在追随化学科学的引领。合成可以补充分析研究，但也允许采用新方法来回答基本的生物学问题，并为利用生物过程为全球问题提供解决方案开辟了巨大的机会。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了这种合成范式应用于生物系统及其他领域核酸的化学和功能的各个方面，特别是在基因组再合成、合成遗传学（即遗传字母表、遗传密码的扩展、和遗传系统的化学组成），以及正交生物系统和组件的详细阐述。