Moving is common during middle childhood, but links between move type and children's development are less well understood. Using nationally-representative, longitudinal data (2010–2016) of ~9900 U.S. kindergarteners (52% boys, 51.48% White, 26.11% Hispanic/Latino, 10.63% Black, 11.78% Asian/Pacific Islander), we conducted multiple-group fixed-effects models estimating associations of within- and between-neighborhood moves, family income, and children's achievement and executive function, testing whether associations persisted or varied by developmental timing. Analyses suggest important spatial and temporal dimensions of moving during middle childhood: between-neighborhood moves had stronger associations than within-neighborhood moves, earlier moves benefited development whereas later moves did not, and associations persisted with significant effect sizes (cumulative Hedges' g = −0.09–1.35). Research and policy implications are discussed.

中文翻译：

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基本干扰？探索童年中期的居住搬迁类型、时机和影响持续时间


搬家在童年中期很常见，但搬家类型与儿童发展之间的联系尚不清楚。使用约 9900 名美国幼儿园儿童（52% 男孩、51.48% 白人、26.11% 西班牙裔/拉丁裔、10.63% 黑人、11.78% 亚裔/太平洋岛民）的全国代表性纵向数据（2010-2016 年），我们进行了多组固定研究-效应模型估计邻里内和邻里之间的搬迁、家庭收入以及儿童的成就和执行功能之间的关联，测试关联是否持续存在或随着发育时间的变化而变化。分析表明，童年中期搬家具有重要的空间和时间维度：邻里之间的搬家比邻里内的搬家具有更强的关联性，早期的搬家有利于发展，而后来的搬家则没有，并且关联持续存在，并具有显着的效应大小（累积对冲' g = - 0.09–1.35）。讨论了研究和政策影响。