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Lithium-ion battery recycling: a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the environment?
Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 , DOI: 10.1039/d2em00511e Amanda Rensmo 1, 2 , Eleni K Savvidou 2 , Ian T Cousins 2 , Xianfeng Hu 3 , Steffen Schellenberger 1 , Jonathan P Benskin 2
Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 , DOI: 10.1039/d2em00511e Amanda Rensmo 1, 2 , Eleni K Savvidou 2 , Ian T Cousins 2 , Xianfeng Hu 3 , Steffen Schellenberger 1 , Jonathan P Benskin 2
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Recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a rapidly growing industry, which is vital to address the increasing demand for metals, and to achieve a sustainable circular economy. Relatively little information is known about the environmental risks posed by LIB recycling, in particular with regards to the emission of persistent (in)organic fluorinated chemicals. Here we present an overview on the use of fluorinated substances – in particular per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) – in state-of-the-art LIBs, along with recycling conditions which may lead to their formation and/or release to the environment. Both organic and inorganic fluorinated substances are widely reported in LIB components, including the electrodes and binder, electrolyte (and additives), and separator. Among the most common substances are LiPF6 (an electrolyte salt), and the polymeric PFAS polyvinylidene fluoride (used as an electrode binder and a separator). Currently the most common LIB recycling process involves pyrometallurgy, which operates at high temperatures (up to 1600 °C), sufficient for PFAS mineralization. However, hydrometallurgy, an increasingly popular alternative recycling approach, operates under milder temperatures (<600 °C), which could favor incomplete degradation and/or formation and release of persistent fluorinated substances. This is supported by the wide range of fluorinated substances detected in bench-scale LIB recycling experiments. Overall, this review highlights the need to further investigate emissions of fluorinated substances during LIB recycling and suggests that substitution of PFAS-based materials (i.e. during manufacturing), or alternatively post-treatments and/or changes in process conditions may be required to avoid formation and emission of persistent fluorinated substances.
中文翻译：
锂离子电池回收：全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 进入环境的来源？
锂离子电池（LIB）回收是一个快速发展的行业，对于满足不断增长的金属需求和实现可持续的循环经济至关重要。关于锂离子电池回收带来的环境风险的信息相对较少，特别是关于持久性（无机）有机氟化化学品的排放。在这里，我们概述了氟化物质（特别是全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS)）在最先进的锂离子电池中的使用，以及可能导致其形成和/或释放到环境中的回收条件。有机和无机氟化物质在锂离子电池组件中被广泛报道，包括电极和粘合剂、电解质（和添加剂）和隔膜。最常见的物质包括LiPF 6（一种电解质盐）和聚合PFAS 聚偏二氟乙烯（用作电极粘合剂和隔膜）。目前最常见的锂离子电池回收工艺涉及火法冶金，该工艺在高温（高达 1600 °C）下运行，足以进行 PFAS 矿化。然而，湿法冶金是一种日益流行的替代回收方法，它在较温和的温度（<600°C）下运行，这可能有利于持久性氟化物质的不完全降解和/或形成和释放。实验室规模的锂离子电池回收实验中检测到的各种氟化物质证实了这一点。总体而言，本次审查强调需要进一步调查锂离子电池回收过程中氟化物质的排放，并建议可能需要替代基于 PFAS 的材料（即在制造过程中），或者可能需要进行后处理和/或改变工艺条件，以避免形成和持久性氟化物质的排放。
更新日期：2023-04-27
中文翻译：
锂离子电池回收：全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 进入环境的来源？
锂离子电池（LIB）回收是一个快速发展的行业，对于满足不断增长的金属需求和实现可持续的循环经济至关重要。关于锂离子电池回收带来的环境风险的信息相对较少，特别是关于持久性（无机）有机氟化化学品的排放。在这里，我们概述了氟化物质（特别是全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS)）在最先进的锂离子电池中的使用，以及可能导致其形成和/或释放到环境中的回收条件。有机和无机氟化物质在锂离子电池组件中被广泛报道，包括电极和粘合剂、电解质（和添加剂）和隔膜。最常见的物质包括LiPF 6（一种电解质盐）和聚合PFAS 聚偏二氟乙烯（用作电极粘合剂和隔膜）。目前最常见的锂离子电池回收工艺涉及火法冶金，该工艺在高温（高达 1600 °C）下运行，足以进行 PFAS 矿化。然而，湿法冶金是一种日益流行的替代回收方法，它在较温和的温度（<600°C）下运行，这可能有利于持久性氟化物质的不完全降解和/或形成和释放。实验室规模的锂离子电池回收实验中检测到的各种氟化物质证实了这一点。总体而言，本次审查强调需要进一步调查锂离子电池回收过程中氟化物质的排放，并建议可能需要替代基于 PFAS 的材料（即在制造过程中），或者可能需要进行后处理和/或改变工艺条件，以避免形成和持久性氟化物质的排放。
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