Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes,Sports Medicine

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Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes
Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-25 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y
Thomas E Bright _{1,

2,

3} , Matthew J Handford _{1,

2} , Peter Mundy ₄ , Jason Lake _{5,

6} , Nicola Theis ₂ , Jonathan D Hughes _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Background

Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under.

Methods

Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar’s advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist.

Results

The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase.

Conclusions

The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.

中文翻译：

构建未来：系统回顾离心阻力训练对青少年运动员身体表现测量的影响

背景

离心阻力训练被认为是增强成年人肌肉力量和爆发力措施的有效刺激措施；然而，目前它对青少年运动员的价值还没有得到很好的理解。

客观的

本系统综述的目的是批判性评估离心阻力训练对 18 岁及以下青少年运动员身体表现（即肌肉力量、跳跃、冲刺和变向）的影响。

方法

从 PubMed、SPORTDiscus 和 Google Scholar 的高级搜索选项的电子搜索引擎检索 1950 年至 2022 年 6 月期间发表的原始期刊文章。其中包括调查离心阻力训练对青少年运动员（即 18 岁或以下参加体育比赛的人）身体表现测量的急性和慢性影响的完整期刊文章。在数据提取之前，使用修改后的唐斯和布莱克清单评估每项研究的方法学质量和偏倚。

结果

检索结果为 749 项研究，其中 436 项是重复的。根据标题和摘要审查，有 300 项研究被排除，另外 5 项研究根据修改后的唐斯和布莱克清单被删除。在向后筛选过程中还确定了另外 14 项研究。因此，我们的系统评价中纳入了 22 项研究。北欧腿筋练习和飞轮惯性训练是青少年运动员最常用的离心阻力训练方法。北欧腿筋训练后身体表现的改善取决于断点角度的增加，而不是训练量（组数和重复次数），并且通过增加髋部伸展练习或高速跑步进一步提高。飞轮惯性训练后，至少需要进行 3 次熟悉试验才能引发有意义的适应。此外，应强调在偏心阶段的最后一到三分之二期间使旋转飞轮减速，而不是在整个偏心阶段逐渐减速。