Using a representative sample of currently legal third-country immigrants in Italy, obtained from the Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens survey, this article examines the long-term labour market consequences of previous undocumented spells. First, formerly undocumented immigrants are identified using retrospective information on respondents' legal status. Second, immigrants are classified according to the duration of irregular spells before the achievement of the first residence permit. Third, current labour market outcomes are investigated to account for the endogeneity underlying the previous undocumented history. Results show that even though formerly undocumented immigrants are more likely to participate in the labour market, they are more likely to be employed in underqualified occupations than continuously legal immigrants. The duration of the irregular experience affects occupational qualification negatively, among both men and women. The lack of legal entry channels and policies to plan and regulate migration to Italy may reinforce labour market segmentation, exposing migrants to long-term occupational downgrade.

中文翻译：

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阴影中的痕迹：意大利以前无证移民的职业结果

本文使用从外国公民社会状况和融合调查中获得的意大利目前合法第三国移民的代表性样本，研究了以前无证居留对劳动力市场的长期影响。首先，利用受访者法律地位的回顾性信息来识别以前的无证移民。其次，根据获得首次居留许可之前的非正常居留期限对移民进行分类。第三，对当前劳动力市场结果进行调查，以解释之前未记录的历史背后的内生性。结果表明，尽管以前的无证移民更有可能参与劳动力市场，但与持续合法移民相比，他们更有可能从事不合格的职业。不正常经历的持续时间对男性和女性的职业资格都有负面影响。缺乏合法的入境渠道以及规划和监管意大利移民的政策可能会加剧劳动力市场分割，使移民面临长期的职业降级。