OBJECTIVES Hispanic individuals are a growing proportion of the general and carceral populations in the United States. This study examined the relationship between the type of sentences (prison, jail/probation) given to White, non-Hispanic individuals and to similarly situated individuals who were perceived to be Hispanic (any race) or perceived to be White but, based on validated estimates, self-identified as Hispanic. HYPOTHESES Psychological theory indicates that, for group-based stereotypes and attitudes to impact decisions, decisionmakers must first identify and categorize target individuals as members of the relevant group. Following this theory, we predicted that individuals perceived by members of the criminal justice system to be Hispanic will be more likely to be sentenced to prison than similarly situated individuals perceived to be White. However, sentences of individuals predicted to have been misperceived as White but to self-identify as Hispanic will not differ from those of individuals accurately perceived as White. METHOD We analyzed official state records of more than 220,000 unique sentencing decisions for nearly 200,000 individuals under state correctional supervision between 2005 and 2018, including demographic characteristics, statutory crime-seriousness and criminal-history scores from state sentencing guidelines, and sentencing outcomes. RESULTS Even after controlling for crime severity and criminal history, we found that individuals who were labeled as Hispanic in criminal justice records were nearly twice as likely to be sentenced to prison as those who were labeled as White (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.86, 2.04]). By comparison, individuals who were labeled in criminal justice records as White but, on the basis of validated estimates, were predicted to self-identify as Hispanic had the same likelihood of being sentenced to prison as individuals who were accurately perceived to be White (OR = 1.01, 95% CI [0.94, 1.07]). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that ethnic stereotypes or attitudes regarding Hispanic individuals may negatively impact criminal sentencing decisions regarding people perceived as Hispanic by actors in the legal system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

旁观者之眼：被认为具有西班牙裔血统的人被判入狱的可能性增加。

目标 西班牙裔人在美国普通人口和监狱人口中所占的比例越来越大。这项研究检查了给予白人、非西班牙裔个人和被认为是西班牙裔（任何种族）或被认为是白人但处境相似的个人的刑罚类型（监禁、监禁/缓刑）之间的关系，但基于经过验证的估计，自我认定为西班牙裔。假设 心理学理论表明，对于影响决策的基于群体的刻板印象和态度，决策者必须首先将目标个体识别并归类为相关群体的成员。按照这个理论，我们预测，被刑事司法系统成员认为是西班牙裔的人比被认为是白人的处境相似的人更有可能被判入狱。然而，预测被误认为是白人但自我认同为西班牙裔的个人的句子与准确地被认为是白人的个人的句子没有区别。方法 我们分析了 2005 年至 2018 年间对近 200,000 名在国家惩教监督下的个人的 220,000 多项独特量刑决定的官方记录，包括人口特征、法定犯罪严重性和国家量刑指南中的犯罪历史分数，以及量刑结果。结果 即使在控制了犯罪严重程度和犯罪历史之后，我们发现在刑事司法记录中被标记为西班牙裔的人被判入狱的可能性几乎是被标记为白人的人的两倍（比值比 [OR] = 1.95，95% 置信区间 [CI] [1.86，2.04 ]). 相比之下，在刑事司法记录中被标记为白人但根据经过验证的估计，预计将自我认同为西班牙裔的人与被准确认为是白人的人被判入狱的可能性相同（或= 1.01，95% CI [0.94，1.07]）。结论 结果表明，关于西班牙裔个人的种族刻板印象或态度可能会对法律系统中的行为者认为是西班牙裔的人的刑事判决产生负面影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。