Since the discovery of the first ribonucleic acid (RNA) modifications in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), scientists have been on a quest to decipher the identities and functions of RNA modifications in biological systems. The last decade has seen monumental growth in the number of studies that have characterized and assessed the functionalities of RNA modifications in the field of plant biology. Owing to these studies, we now categorize RNA modifications based on their chemical nature and the RNA on which they are found, as well as the array of proteins that are involved in the processes that add, read, and remove them from an RNA molecule. Beyond their identity, another key piece of the puzzle is the functional significance of the various types of RNA modifications. Here, we shed light on recent studies that help establish our current understanding of the diversity of RNA modifications found in plant transcriptomes and the functions they play at both the molecular (e.g., RNA stability, translation, and transport) and organismal (e.g., stress response and development) levels. Finally, we consider the key research questions related to plant gene expression and biology in general and highlight developments in various technologies that are driving our insights forward in this research area.

中文翻译：

---

植物 RNA 修饰的多样性和功能：我们所知道的以及我们下一步的发展

自从发现转移 RNA (tRNA) 和核糖体 RNA (rRNA) 中的第一个核糖核酸 (RNA) 修饰以来，科学家们一直致力于破译生物系统中 RNA 修饰的身份和功能。过去十年，植物生物学领域表征和评估 RNA 修饰功能的研究数量大幅增长。由于这些研究，我们现在根据 RNA 修饰的化学性质和发现它们的 RNA，以及参与从 RNA 分子中添加、读取和删除它们的过程的蛋白质阵列对 RNA 修饰进行分类。除了它们的身份之外，谜题的另一个关键部分是各种类型的 RNA 修饰的功能意义。在这里，我们阐明了最近的研究，这些研究有助于建立我们目前对植物转录组中 RNA 修饰多样性的理解，以及它们在分子（例如，RNA 稳定性、翻译和运输）和有机体（例如，胁迫）中发挥的功能。反应和发展）水平。最后，我们考虑了与植物基因表达和生物学相关的关键研究问题，并重点介绍了推动我们在这一研究领域的见解向前发展的各种技术的发展。