Purpose

To measure the relationships between varieties of patriotism and fan reactions to anthem-linked athlete activism and to test the effects of teammate allyship.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study of US sport fans (n = 519), the authors examine whether two varieties of patriotism—the affective “symbolic patriotism” and the cognitive “uncritical patriotism”—might explain fans' reactions (support v. opposition) to anthem-linked athlete activism. The authors also consider whether fans' acceptance of nonactivist teammate allyship moderates patriotism influences on those reactions.

Findings

Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), the authors posit and show that fans' reactions to athlete activism are driven more strongly by uncritical patriotism than by symbolic patriotism. The authors also show that fans' acceptance of nonactivist teammate allyship significantly moderate the strength and direction of fans' reactions to athlete activism.

Research limitations/implications

The authors contribute substantive, new knowledge into the sways of athlete activism, teammate allyship and fan patriotism within the sport world. By way of novel heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations, the authors show evidence of discriminant validities of symbolic patriotism and uncritical patriotism. Using PLS-SEM moderation tests, the authors also show that fans' acceptance of teammate allyship moderates the influences of these patriotism types differently.

Originality/value

Few empirical studies to date have investigated sport fans' reactions to athletes' displays of social activism (e.g. taking a knee to protest racism).

中文翻译：

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哪个摇摆？运动员积极性、队友联盟和球迷爱国主义

目的

衡量各种爱国主义和球迷对与国歌相关的运动员激进主义的反应之间的关系，并测试队友盟友关系的效果。

设计/方法论/途径

在这项针对美国体育迷（n = 519）的研究中，作者研究了两种爱国主义——情感上的“象征性爱国主义”和认知上的“非批判性爱国主义”——是否可以解释球迷对国歌的反应（支持与反对）。链接的运动员激进主义。作者还考虑了球迷对非激进队友盟友关系的接受是否会缓和爱国主义对这些反应的影响。

发现

作者利用偏最小二乘结构方程模型 (PLS-SEM) 假设并表明，球迷对运动员激进主义的反应更多地是由不加批判的爱国主义驱动的，而不是由象征性的爱国主义驱动的。作者还表明，球迷对非激进队友盟友关系的接受程度显着缓和了球迷对运动员激进主义反应的强度和方向。

研究局限性/影响

作者为体育界的运动员激进主义、队友联盟和球迷爱国主义的影响贡献了实质性的新知识。通过新颖的异性恋与单性恋相关性比率，作者展示了象征性爱国主义和非批判性爱国主义的区分有效性的证据。作者还利用 PLS-SEM 调节测试表明，球迷对队友盟友关系的接受程度以不同方式调节这些爱国主义类型的影响。

原创性/价值

迄今为止，很少有实证研究调查体育迷对运动员表现出的社会活动（例如单膝下跪抗议种族主义）的反应。