Elasticity typically refers to a material's ability to store energy, whereas viscosity refers to a material's tendency to dissipate it. In this review, we discuss fluids and solids for which this is not the case. These materials display additional linear response coefficients known as odd viscosity and odd elasticity. We first introduce odd viscosity and odd elasticity from a continuum perspective, with an emphasis on their rich phenomenology, including transverse responses, modified dislocation dynamics, and topological waves. We then provide an overview of systems that display odd viscosity and odd elasticity. These systems range from quantum fluids and astrophysical gases to active and driven matter. Finally, we comment on microscopic mechanisms by which odd viscosity and odd elasticity arise.

中文翻译：

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奇粘度和奇弹性

弹性通常是指材料存储能量的能力，而粘度是指材料耗散能量的倾向。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了并非如此的流体和固体。这些材料显示出额外的线性响应系数，称为奇粘度和奇弹性。我们首先从连续介质的角度介绍奇粘度和奇弹性，重点介绍它们丰富的现象学，包括横向响应、修正位错动力学和拓扑波。然后，我们概述了显示奇粘度和奇弹性的系统。这些系统的范围从量子流体和天体物理气体到活性和驱动物质。最后，我们评论奇粘度和奇弹性产生的微观机制。