SWITCH deficient SUCROSE NONFERMENTING (SWI/SNF) class chromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs) use the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to facilitate access of proteins to the genomic DNA for transcription, replication, and DNA repair. Uniquely, SWI/SNF CRCs can both slide the histone octamer along the DNA or eject it from the DNA. Given their ability to change the chromatin status quo, SWI/SNF remodelers are critical for cell fate reprogramming with pioneer and other transcription factors, for responses to environmental challenges, and for disease prevention. Recent cryo-electron microscopy and mass spectrometry approaches have uncovered different subtypes of SWI/SNF complexes with unique properties and functions. At the same time, tethering or rapid depletion and inactivation of SWI/SNF have provided novel insight into SWI/SNF requirements for enhancer activity and into balancing chromatin compaction and accessibility in concert with Polycomb complexes. Given their importance, SWI/SNF recruitment to genomic locations by transcription factors and their biochemical activity is tightly controlled. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of SWI/SNF CRCs in animals and plants and discusses the multiple nuclear and biological roles of SWI/SNF CRCs and how SWI/SNF activity is altered by complex subunit composition, posttranslational modifications, and the chromatin context to support proper development and response to extrinsic cues.

中文翻译：

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SWI/SNF 染色质重塑剂的作用和活性

SWITCH 缺陷型蔗糖非发酵 (SWI/SNF) 类染色质重塑复合物 (CRC) 利用 ATP 水解产生的能量促进蛋白质接近基因组 DNA 进行转录、复制和 DNA 修复。独特的是，SWI/SNF CRC 既可以使组蛋白八聚体沿着 DNA 滑动，也可以将其从 DNA 中弹出。鉴于其改变染色质现状的能力，SWI/SNF 重塑因子对于先驱者和其他转录因子的细胞命运重编程、应对环境挑战和疾病预防至关重要。最近的冷冻电子显微镜和质谱方法发现了具有独特性质和功能的 SWI/SNF 复合物的不同亚型。与此同时，SWI/SNF 的束缚或快速耗尽和失活为了解 SWI/SNF 增强子活性的要求以及平衡染色质压实和与 Polycomb 复合物的可及性提供了新的见解。鉴于其重要性，SWI/SNF 通过转录因子招募至基因组位置，并且其生化活性受到严格控制。本综述重点介绍了我们对动物和植物中 SWI/SNF CRC 的理解的最新进展，并讨论了 SWI/SNF CRC 的多种核和生物学作用，以及复杂的亚基组成、翻译后修饰和染色质如何改变 SWI/SNF 活性。支持适当发展和对外在线索做出反应的背景。