The central dogma of gene expression involves DNA transcription to RNA and RNA translation into protein. As key intermediaries and modifiers, RNAs undergo various forms of modifications such as methylation, pseudouridylation, deamination, and hydroxylation. These modifications, termed epitranscriptional regulations, lead to functional changes in RNAs. Recent studies have demonstrated crucial roles for RNA modifications in gene translation, DNA damage response, and cell fate regulation. Epitranscriptional modifications play an essential role in development, mechanosensing, atherogenesis, and regeneration in the cardiovascular (CV) system, and their elucidation is critically important to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CV physiology and pathophysiology. This review aims at providing biomedical engineers with an overview of the epitranscriptome landscape, related key concepts, recent findings in epitranscriptional regulations, and tools for epitranscriptome analysis. The potential applications of this important field in biomedical engineering research are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

表观转录调控：从心血管生物工程的角度

基因表达的中心法则涉及 DNA 转录为 RNA 以及 RNA 翻译为蛋白质。作为关键的中间体和修饰剂，RNA 会经历各种形式的修饰，例如甲基化、假尿苷化、脱氨基和羟基化。这些修饰被称为表转录调控，会导致 RNA 的功能发生变化。最近的研究表明 RNA 修饰在基因翻译、DNA 损伤反应和细胞命运调控中发​​挥着至关重要的作用。表观转录修饰在心血管 (CV) 系统的发育、机械传感、动脉粥样硬化形成和再生中发挥着重要作用，其阐明对于理解 CV 生理学和病理生理学的分子机制至关重要。本综述旨在为生物医学工程师提供表观转录组景观、相关关键概念、表观转录调控的最新发现以及表观转录组分析工具的概述。讨论了这一重要领域在生物医学工程研究中的潜在应用。