Plant roots associate with diverse microbes (including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses) collectively called the root-associated microbiome. Among them, mycorrhizal fungi colonize host roots and improve their access to nutrients, usually phosphorus and nitrogen. In exchange, plants deliver photosynthetic carbon to the colonizing fungi. This nutrient exchange affects key soil processes, the carbon cycle, and plant health and therefore has a strong influence on the plant and microbe ecosystems. The framework of nutrient exchange and regulation between host plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has recently been established. The local and systemic regulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis by plant nutrient status and the autoregulation of mycorrhizae are strategies by which plants maintain a stabilizing free-market symbiosis. A better understanding of the synergistic effects between mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizosphere microorganisms is an essential precondition for their use as biofertilizers and bioprotectors for sustainable agriculture and forestry management.

中文翻译：

---

植物生长和逆境适应中的菌根共生：从基因到生态系统

植物根与多种微生物（包括细菌、真菌、古细菌、原生生物和病毒）相关，统称为根相关微生物组。其中，菌根真菌定植于宿主根部并改善其对营养物质（通常是磷和氮）的获取。作为交换，植物将光合碳传递给定殖真菌。这种养分交换影响关键的土壤过程、碳循环和植物健康，因此对植物和微生物生态系统有很大影响。最近建立了宿主植物和丛枝菌根真菌之间的养分交换和调节框架。植物营养状态对菌根共生的局部和系统调节以及菌根的自身调节是植物维持稳定的自由市场共生的策略。更好地了解菌根真菌和菌根际微生物之间的协同效应是它们用作可持续农业和林业管理的生物肥料和生物保护剂的重要前提。