Purpose of Review

Biodiversity is one of the most important features of forest ecosystems. One of the goals of Sustainable Forest Management is to reduce biodiversity disturbance, which can occur as a consequence of timber harvesting. The aim of this review was to define which silvicultural systems and forest operations can have an influence on forest tree biodiversity by summarising the findings of nearly 60 papers published in the last ten years (2013–2022).

Recent Findings

In natural forest ecosystems characterised by a high level of structural complexity, such as uneven-aged tropical forests, selective logging and retention forestry are, in general, suitable forms of intervention that have a limited impact on tree biodiversity. Forest operations, in particular, should be of low intensity and try to simulate as much as possible small-scale natural disturbances. Thinning has proved to be a valid treatment for managing tree biodiversity. However, it is important to shape the magnitude of thinnings according to the management aims. Limited removal is recommended in interventions for maintaining the current structure, and more extensive removal is appropriate in cases when a change in species composition is expected, e.g. in the conversion of planted coniferous stands to uneven-aged mixed or broadleaved stands. In addition, coppicing is suitable for maintaining tree biodiversity due to its effectiveness in fostering the presence of light-demanding tree species. Findings show that it is important to establish the right rotation age, considering that an excessively short period between coppicing interventions can be detrimental to functional biodiversity.

Skid trails and landing sites represent suitable areas for the initial establishment of natural regeneration. However, generally, the level of biodiversity on these sites declines with time as a consequence of soil compaction, thus highlighting the importance of the forest infrastructure network planning.

Summary

In uneven-aged tropical forests, selective logging and retention forestry are the most suitable options for maintaining tree biodiversity. Thinning and coppicing help to manage biodiversity, whilst intensive thinning helps to change species composition. Skid trails and landing sites can support natural regeneration. Recommendations and management options were developed, as well as possible future research directions. The authors recommend that future studies should investigate how much tree biodiversity depends on different levels of harvesting technology applied within the same silvicultural treatment.

中文翻译：

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各种造林处理和森林作业对树种生物多样性的影响

审查目的

生物多样性是森林生态系统最重要的特征之一。可持续森林管理的目标之一是减少生物多样性干扰，这种干扰可能因木材采伐而发生。本综述的目的是通过总结过去十年（2013-2022 年）发表的近 60 篇论文的研究结果，确定哪些造林系统和森林经营活动可以对林木生物多样性产生影响。

最近的发现

在以高度结构复杂性为特征的天然森林生态系统中，例如年龄不均的热带森林，选择性伐木和保留林业通常是对树木生物多样性影响有限的适当干预形式。森林作业尤其应该是低强度的，并尽量模拟小规模的自然干扰。事实证明，间伐是管理树木生物多样性的有效方法。然而，重要的是根据管理目标确定间伐量。建议在维持当前结构的干预措施中进行有限的移除，而在物种组成预计会发生变化的情况下，例如在将种植的针叶林转变为年龄不均的混合林或阔叶林时，更广泛的移除是合适的。此外，由于其在促进需光树种存在方面的有效性，因此适合维持树木的生物多样性。研究结果表明，确定正确的轮伐期非常重要，因为林间干预措施之间的时间过短可能不利于功能性生物多样性。

滑道和着陆点代表适合初步建立自然再生的区域。然而，一般来说，由于土壤压实，这些地点的生物多样性水平会随着时间的推移而下降，从而凸显了森林基础设施网络规划的重要性。

概括

在不均匀年龄的热带森林中，选择性采伐和保留林业是维持树木生物多样性的最合适选择。间伐和矮林有助于管理生物多样性，而密集间伐有助于改变物种组成。滑道和着陆点可以支持自然再生。制定了建议和管理方案，以及未来可能的研究方向。作者建议，未来的研究应该调查树木生物多样性在多大程度上取决于在同一造林处理中应用的不同水平的采伐技术。