This article examines pathways among farmers’ extension participation, the uptake of recommended farm management practices and economic and environmental sustainability. We explore the ‘win-win’, efficiency-based focus of the Irish hybrid extension programme using an unbalanced panel dataset of dairy farms from 2010 to 2019. We apply two-way fixed effects regression models and sensitivity analyses to ensure the robustness of our results to effect heterogeneity and omitted variable bias. Our findings reveal that extension participation has a limited association with the adoption of recommended practices. These practices might be associated with economic benefits, while their environmental effects are not evident. Additionally, extension participation is not found to have a direct association with sustainability outcomes. These findings have important implications for extension programmes that focus on economic and environmental outcomes.

中文翻译：

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提高农场可持续性的扩展和管理途径：来自爱尔兰奶牛场的证据

本文探讨了农民参与推广、采用推荐的农场管理做法以及经济和环境可持续性之间的途径。我们使用 2010 年至 2019 年奶牛场的不平衡面板数据集探索爱尔兰混合推广计划的“双赢”、基于效率的重点。我们应用双向固定效应回归模型和敏感性分析来确保我们的稳健性结果影响异质性和遗漏变量偏差。我们的研究结果表明，推广参与与采用推荐做法的关联有限。这些做法可能与经济利益相关，而它们对环境的影响并不明显。此外，未发现推广参与与可持续性结果有直接关联。