Hunger refers to (1) the meaning of certain bodily sensations; (2) a mental state of anticipation that food will be good to eat; and (3) an organizing principal, which prioritizes feeding. Definitions (1) and (2) are the focus here, as (3) can be considered their consequent. Definition (1) has been linked to energy-depletion models of hunger, but these are no longer thought viable. Definition (2) has been linked to learning and memory (L&M) models of hunger, but these apply just to palatable foods. Nonetheless, L&M probably forms the basis for hunger generally, as damage to declarative memory can eradicate the experience of hunger. Currently, there is no general L&M model of hunger, little understanding of how physiology intersects with a L&M approach, and no understanding of how Definitions (1) and (2) are related. We present a new L&M model of human hunger. People learn associations between internal (e.g., tummy rumbles) and external cues (e.g., brand names) and food. These associations can be to specific foods (episodic memories) or food-related categories (semantic memories). When a cue is encountered, it may lead to food-related memory retrieval. If retrieval occurs, the memory's affective content allows one to know if food will be good to eat now-hunger-a cognitive operation learned in childhood. These memory processes are acutely inhibited during satiety, and chronically by multiple biological parameters, allowing physiology to modulate hunger. Implications are considered for the process of making hunger judgments, thirst, the cephalic phase response, and motivational and lay theories of hunger. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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人类饥饿是一种记忆过程。

饥饿是指（1）某些身体感觉的意义；(2) 期待食物会很好吃的心理状态；(3) 组织负责人，优先考虑喂养。定义 (1) 和 (2) 是这里的焦点，因为 (3) 可以被认为是它们的结果。定义 (1) 与饥饿的能量消耗模型有关，但这些模型不再被认为是可行的。定义 (2) 与饥饿的学习和记忆 (L&M) 模型有关，但这些仅适用于可口的食物。尽管如此，L&M 可能构成了一般饥饿的基础，因为对陈述性记忆的损害可以消除饥饿的体验。目前，还没有饥饿的一般 L&M 模型，对生理学如何与 L&M 方法相交的了解很少，也不了解定义 (1) 和 (2) 如何相关。我们提出了一种新的人类饥饿的 L&M 模型。人们学习内部（例如，肚子的隆隆声）和外部线索（例如，品牌名称）与食物之间的关联。这些关联可以是特定食物（情景记忆）或与食物相关的类别（语义记忆）。当遇到提示时，可能会导致与食物相关的记忆检索。如果恢复发生，记忆的情感内容可以让一个人知道现在的食物是否好吃——饥饿——一种在童年时期习得的认知操作。这些记忆过程在饱腹感期间受到严重抑制，并长期受到多种生物学参数的抑制，从而使生理学能够调节饥饿感。对做出饥饿判断、口渴、头部阶段反应以及饥饿的动机和外行理论的过程的影响被考虑在内。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，