The development of cutting-edge techniques to study specific brain regions and neural circuits that regulate sleep–wake brain states and general anesthesia (GA), has increased our understanding of these states that exhibit similar neurophysiologic traits. This review summarizes current knowledge focusing on cell subtypes and neural circuits that control wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-REM sleep, and GA. We also review novel insights into their interactions and raise unresolved questions and challenges in this field. Comparisons of the overlapping neural substrates of sleep–wake and GA regulation will help us to understand sleep–wake transitions and how anesthetics cause reversible loss of consciousness.

中文翻译：

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从与睡眠-觉醒状态的相互作用了解全身麻醉的神经机制：十年的发现

研究调节睡眠-觉醒大脑状态和全身麻醉 (GA) 的特定大脑区域和神经回路的尖端技术的发展，增加了我们对这些表现出相似神经生理学特征的状态的理解。这篇综述总结了当前关于控制觉醒、快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠、非 REM 睡眠和 GA 的细胞亚型和神经回路的知识。我们还回顾了对它们相互作用的新颖见解，并提出了该领域未解决的问题和挑战。比较睡眠-觉醒和 GA 调节的重叠神经基质将帮助我们了解睡眠-觉醒转换以及麻醉剂如何导致可逆的意识丧失。