The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has emerged as one of the major threats to global public health. Moreover, many pathogenic bacteria can form stubborn biofilms to prevent antibiotic penetration and to protect them from environmental stress. Worse still, it is in dire need of developing novel antibiotics. Such circumstances call urgently for breakthrough strategies beyond traditional antibacterial treatments to fight back against the impending human health disaster. In this connection, micro/nanorobots can perform autonomous or field-driven locomotion, actively deliver therapeutic cargos, precisely implement micromanipulation, exert robust mechanical forces upon movement, and respond to internal (pH, chemical gradients, chemoattractants, etc.) or external (magnetic field, light, ultrasound, etc.) stimuli. These characteristics enable the targeted delivery of antimicrobials to infected sites and boost their deep penetration through bacterial biofilms, making the use of micro/nanorobots an attractive alternative to traditional antimicrobial treatments. In this review, we will comprehensively summarize the recent progress and future outlook for the application-oriented material designs of antimicrobial micro/nanorobots, covering broad topics from traditional antimicrobial nanomaterials to intelligent antimicrobial micro/nanorobots, from passive infection resistance to active antimicrobial therapy, and from eradicating bacteria and biofilms to eliminating bacterial toxins. Our goal is to deliver a comprehensive review that can serve as a useful reference and provide guidance for the rational design and development of novel antimicrobial micro/nanorobots and bridge the gap between traditional antimicrobial nanomaterials and active antimicrobial micro/nanorobots.

多重耐药细菌的兴起已成为全球公共卫生的主要威胁之一。此外，许多致病菌可以形成顽固的生物膜，以防止抗生素渗透并保护它们免受环境压力。更糟糕的是，它迫切需要开发新型抗生素。这种情况迫切需要超越传统抗菌治疗的突破性策略来对抗迫在眉睫的人类健康灾难。在这方面，微/纳米机器人可以进行自主或场驱动运动，主动输送治疗药物，精确实施显微操作，在运动时施加强大的机械力，并对内部（pH 值、化学梯度、趋化剂等）或外部（磁场、光、超声波等）刺激。这些特性使抗微生物药物有针对性地输送到感染部位，并促进它们通过细菌生物膜的深度渗透，使微/纳米机器人的使用成为传统抗微生物治疗的有吸引力的替代方案。在这篇综述中，我们将全面总结面向应用的抗菌微纳米机器人材料设计的最新进展和未来展望，涵盖从传统抗菌纳米材料到智能抗菌微纳米机器人，从被动抗感染到主动抗菌治疗，从根除细菌和生物膜到消除细菌毒素。