This review paper is motivated by a Back-to-Basics presentation given by the author at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society meeting in Tampa, Florida. I was tasked with providing a brief history of research leading up to the introduction of functional tissue engineering (FTE) for tendon and ligament repair. Beginning in the 1970s, this timeline focused on two common orthopedic soft tissue problems, anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in the knee and supraspinatus tendon injuries in the shoulder. Historic changes in the field over the next 5 decades revealed a transformation from a focus more on mechanics (called “bioMECHANICS”) on a larger (tissue) scale to a more recent focus on biology (called “mechanoBIOLOGY”) on a smaller (cellular and molecular) scale. Early studies by surgeons and engineers revealed the importance of testing conditions for ligaments and tendons (e.g., high strain rates while avoiding subject disuse and immobility) and the need to measure in vivo forces in these tissues. But any true tissue engineering and regeneration in these early decades was limited more to the use of auto-, allo- and xenografts than actual generation of stimulated cell-scaffold constructs in culture. It was only after the discovery of tissue engineering in 1988 and the recognition of frequent rotator cuff injuries in the early 1990s, that biologists joined surgeons and engineers to discover mechanical and biological testing criteria for FTE. This review emphasizes the need for broader and more inclusive collaborations by surgeons, biologists and engineers in the short term with involvement of those in biomaterials, manufacturing, and regulation of new products in the longer term.

中文翻译：

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用于肌腱和韧带修复的功能组织工程的进展

这篇评论文章的动机是作者在佛罗里达州坦帕市举行的 2022 年骨科研究学会会议上所做的回归基础演讲。我的任务是提供一个简短的研究历史，以引入用于肌腱和韧带修复的功能组织工程 (FTE)。从 20 世纪 70 年代开始，这个时间线主要关注两个常见的骨科软组织问题，即膝关节前交叉韧带断裂和肩关节冈上肌腱损伤。在接下来的 5 年里，该领域的历史性变化揭示了从更多地关注更大（组织）尺度上的力学（称为“生物力学”）到最近关注更小（细胞）尺度上的生物学（称为“机械生物学”）的转变和分子）规模。外科医生和工程师的早期研究揭示了韧带和肌腱测试条件的重要性（例如，高应变率同时避免受试者废用和不动）以及测量这些组织中体内力的必要性。但是，在最初的几十年里，任何真正的组织工程和再生都更多地局限于使用自体、同种异体和异种移植物，而不是在培养物中实际生成受刺激的细胞支架结构。直到 1988 年发现组织工程并认识到 1990 年代初期经常发生肩袖损伤后，生物学家才与外科医生和工程师一起发现 FTE 的机械和生物学测试标准。这篇综述强调外科医生需要进行更广泛和更具包容性的合作，