Autografting, a major treatment for bone fractures, has potential risks related to the required surgery and disease transmission. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the most common osteogenic factors used for bone-healing applications. However, BMP delivery can have shortcomings such as a short half-life and the high cost of manufacturing the recombinant proteins. Gene delivery methods have demonstrated promising alternative strategies for producing BMPs or other osteogenic factors using engineered cells. These approaches can also enable temporal overexpression and local production of the therapeutic genes in the target tissues. This review addresses recent progress on engineered viral, non-viral, and RNA-mediated gene delivery systems that are being used for bone repair and regeneration. Advances in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 genome engineering for bone tissue regeneration also is discussed.

中文翻译：

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骨组织工程基因治疗的最新进展

自体移植是骨折的主要治疗方法，具有与所需手术和疾病传播相关的潜在风险。骨形态发生蛋白 (BMP) 是用于骨愈合应用的最常见的成骨因子。然而，BMP 递送可能存在半衰期短和重组蛋白制造成本高等缺点。基因传递方法已经证明了使用工程细胞生产 BMP 或其他成骨因子的有前途的替代策略。这些方法还可以在靶组织中实现治疗基因的暂时过度表达和局部产生。这篇综述阐述了用于骨修复和再生的工程病毒、非病毒和 RNA 介导的基因传递系统的最新进展。