OBJECTIVE Valid guilty pleas must be made voluntarily, yet most defendants report that they did not feel part of the decision-making process or responsible for the decision. Defendants and judges both play a role in determining whether guilty pleas are voluntary. The actor-observer bias suggests that defendants and judges perceive the decision-making process differently given the nature of their roles. The present studies applied this framework to assess the complexity of voluntary plea decision-making. HYPOTHESES We expected observers would rate pleas as more voluntary than would actors. We also expected participants to rate pleas made by guilty defendants as more voluntary than those made by innocent defendants and to view pleas made with voice as more voluntary than those made without voice. Finally, we expected the effect of guilt and voice on voluntariness to differ for actors and observers. METHOD Participants were Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers (Study 1: N = 202, Study 2: N = 626) who had a history of high-quality performance on past tasks, were roughly evenly split between men (Study 1: 52%, Study 2: 53%) and women (Study 1: 48%, Study 2: 47%), and were primarily White/non-Hispanic (Study 1: 84%, Study 2: 75%). They watched video-recorded materials about a criminal case in which a defendant decided how to plead. The materials varied the participant's role (actor, observer), the defendant's guilt (innocent, guilty), and whether the defendant had a voice in the decision-making process (no voice, voice). Participants then rated the voluntariness of the decision-making process. RESULTS In both studies, actors rated pleas as more voluntary than did observers. Participants rated guilty pleas as more voluntary when the defendant was guilty compared with innocent. Participants also rated pleas as more voluntary when the defendant had a voice in the decision-making process compared with when the defendant did not have a voice, but the difference was bigger for observers than for actors. CONCLUSIONS Defendants and judges both determine whether a guilty plea is made voluntarily. These decision-makers are likely to perceive the plea decision-making process differently given their differing perspectives. There was also a large effect of voice on whether decisions were perceived to be voluntary. Individuals who play a role in the plea decision-making process should ensure that defendants have a proper opportunity to express their opinions and preferences about the decision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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从谁的角度？行为者和观察者在确定认罪的自愿性方面的差异。

目标 有效的认罪必须是自愿的，但大多数被告报告说他们不觉得自己参与了决策过程或对决策负责。被告和法官都在确定认罪是否是自愿方面发挥作用。行为者 - 观察者偏见表明，鉴于其角色的性质，被告和法官对决策过程的看法不同。目前的研究应用这个框架来评估自愿认罪决策的复杂性。假设 我们预计观察者会认为请求比行动者更自愿。我们还希望参与者将有罪被告的认罪视为比无辜被告的认罪更自愿，并认为有声认罪比无声认罪更自愿。最后，我们预计，对于行为者和观察者而言，内疚感和声音对自愿性的影响会有所不同。方法 参与者是 Amazon 的 Mechanical Turk 工人（研究 1：N = 202，研究 2：N = 626），他们在过去的任务中具有高质量的表现，在男性之间大致平均分配（研究 1：52%，研究 2 ：53%）和女性（研究 1：48%，研究 2：47%），主要是白人/非西班牙裔（研究 1：84%，研究 2：75%）。他们观看了有关刑事案件的录像材料，在该案件中，被告决定如何辩护。材料改变了参与者的角色（演员、观察者）、被告的有罪（无罪、有罪）以及被告在决策过程中是否有发言权（没有发言权、发言权）。然后，参与者对决策过程的自愿性进行评分。结果 在这两项研究中，演员认为请求比观察者更自愿。与无罪相比，当被告有罪时，参与者认为认罪更自愿。参与者还认为，当被告在决策过程中有发言权时，与被告没有发言权时相比，被告人的请求更加自愿，但观察者的差异大于演员的差异。结论 被告和法官都确定是否自愿认罪。鉴于他们的不同观点，这些决策者可能对认罪决策过程有不同的看法。声音对决定是否被认为是自愿的也有很大影响。在认罪决定过程中发挥作用的个人应确保被告有适当的机会表达他们对决定的意见和偏好。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。