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Breaking rules for moral reasons: Development and validation of the Prosocial and Antisocial Rule-Breaking (PARB) scale.
Law and Human Behavior ( IF 3.870 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 , DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000488
Paul J Hennigan 1 , Ellen S Cohn 1
Affiliation  

OBJECTIVES To determine whether prosocial rule-breaking exists as a separate construct from antisocial rule-breaking and to develop a valid rule-breaking scale with prosocial and antisocial subscales. HYPOTHESES We hypothesized that (a) rule-breaking would have prosocial and antisocial subfactors; (b) the prosocial rule-breaking subscale would positively associate with prosocial intentions, empathy, moral identity, and guilt proneness, whereas the antisocial rule-breaking subscale would negatively associate with these same factors; and (c) the two subscales would predict prosocial and antisocial cheating behaviors, respectively. METHOD We developed the Prosocial and Antisocial Rule-Breaking (PARB) scale using a sample of 497 undergraduates (Study 1) and 257 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers (Study 2). Participants completed all surveys (Studies 1 and 2) and took part in a between-subjects experiment (Study 2) in which cheating behavior was measured in two conditions-when cheating helps others (prosocial) or oneself (antisocial). RESULTS The final PARB scale demonstrated the expected factor structure (comparative fit index = .96, Tucker-Lewis index = .93, root-mean-square error of approximation = .064; χ² = 177, df = 88, p < .001), with the prosocial (α = .81) and antisocial (α = .93) subscales showing good reliability. Prosocial rule-breaking was positively associated with prosocial intentions, empathy, and guilt proneness, whereas antisocial rule-breaking was negatively associated with these same factors. Each additional point in prosocial rule-breaking PARB score predicted a 37% increased likelihood of participating in protest behavior in an exploratory investigation (p = .025) and predicted a 268% increase in actual prosocial cheating behavior (p < .001) but did not predict antisocial cheating behavior (p = .293). Conversely, each additional point in antisocial rule-breaking PARB score did not predict protest participation (p = .410) but did predict a 69% increase in actual antisocial cheating behavior (p = .025). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that our current understanding of rule-breaking is limited, as many types of rule-breaking are prosocially motivated and are not necessarily antisocial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译:

出于道德原因打破规则:亲社会和反社会规则破坏(PARB)量表的开发和验证。

目的 确定亲社会的规则破坏是否作为与反社会规则破坏的独立结构存在,并开发一个包含亲社会和反社会子量表的有效规则破坏量表。假设 我们假设 (a) 违反规则会有亲社会和反社会的子因素;(b) 亲社会违反规则分量表与亲社会意图、同理心、道德认同和内疚倾向正相关,而反社会规则破坏分量表与这些相同因素负相关;(c) 这两个分量表将分别预测亲社会和反社会的作弊行为。方法 我们使用 497 名本科生(研究 1)和 257 名亚马逊土耳其机械工人(研究 2)的样本开发了亲社会和反社会违反规则 (PARB) 量表。参与者完成了所有调查(研究 1 和 2)并参加了一项受试者间实验(研究 2),在该实验中,作弊行为在两种情况下进行测量——当作弊帮助他人(亲社会)或自己(反社会)时。结果 最终的 PARB 量表显示了预期的因子结构(比较拟合指数 = .96,Tucker-Lewis 指数 = .93,近似的均方根误差 = .064;χ² = 177,df = 88,p < .001 ),亲社会 (α = .81) 和反社会 (α = .93) 分量表显示出良好的信度。亲社会的规则破坏与亲社会的意图、同理心和内疚倾向呈正相关,而反社会规则的破坏与这些相同的因素呈负相关。亲社会违反规则的 PARB 分数每增加一个点,预测在探索性调查中参与抗议行为的可能性就会增加 37% (p = .025),并预测实际亲社会作弊行为会增加 268% (p < .001),但确实不能预测反社会的作弊行为 (p = .293)。相反,反社会违反规则的 PARB 得分每增加一个点并不能预测抗议参与(p = .410),但确实预测实际反社会作弊行为增加 69%(p = .025)。结论 这些发现表明,我们目前对违反规则的理解是有限的,因为许多类型的违反规则是出于亲社会动机的,不一定是反社会的。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA,保留所有权利)。025) 并预测实际亲社会作弊行为增加 268% (p < .001),但未预测反社会作弊行为 (p = .293)。相反,反社会违反规则的 PARB 得分每增加一个点并不能预测抗议参与(p = .410),但确实预测实际反社会作弊行为增加 69%(p = .025)。结论 这些发现表明,我们目前对违反规则的理解是有限的,因为许多类型的违反规则是出于亲社会动机的,不一定是反社会的。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA,保留所有权利)。025) 并预测实际亲社会作弊行为增加 268% (p < .001),但未预测反社会作弊行为 (p = .293)。相反,反社会违反规则的 PARB 得分每增加一个点并不能预测抗议参与(p = .410),但确实预测实际反社会作弊行为增加 69%(p = .025)。结论 这些发现表明,我们目前对违反规则的理解是有限的,因为许多类型的违反规则是出于亲社会动机的,不一定是反社会的。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA,保留所有权利)。410) 但确实预测实际反社会作弊行为增加了 69% (p = .025)。结论 这些发现表明,我们目前对违反规则的理解是有限的,因为许多类型的违反规则是出于亲社会动机的,不一定是反社会的。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA,保留所有权利)。410) 但确实预测实际反社会作弊行为增加了 69% (p = .025)。结论 这些发现表明,我们目前对违反规则的理解是有限的,因为许多类型的违反规则是出于亲社会动机的,不一定是反社会的。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA,保留所有权利)。
更新日期:2022-08-01
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