Melt extraction from the partially molten mantle is among the fundamental processes shaping the solid Earth today and over geological time. A diversity of properties and mechanisms contribute to the physics of melt extraction. We review progress of the past ∼25 years of research in this area, with a focus on understanding the speed and style of buoyancy-driven melt extraction. Observations of U-series disequilibria in young lavas and the surge of deglacial volcanism in Iceland suggest this speed is rapid compared to that predicted by the null hypothesis of diffuse porous flow. The discrepancy indicates that the style of extraction is channelized. We discuss how channelization is sensitive to mechanical and thermochemical properties and feedbacks, and to asthenospheric heterogeneity. We review the grain-scale physics that underpins these properties and hence determines the physical behavior at much larger scales. We then discuss how the speed of melt extraction is crucial to predicting the magmatic response to glacial and sea-level variations. Finally, we assess the frontier of current research and identify areas where significant advances are expected over the next 25 years. In particular, we highlight the coupling of melt extraction with more realistic models of mantle thermochemistry and rheological properties. This coupling will be crucial in understanding complex settings such as subduction zones. ▪ Mantle melt extraction shapes Earth today and over geological time. ▪ Observations, lab experiments, and theory indicate that melt ascends through the mantle at speeds ∼30 m/year by reactively channelized porous flow. ▪ Variations in sea level and glacial ice loading can cause significant changes in melt supply to submarine and subaerial volcanoes. ▪ Fluid-driven fracture is important in the lithosphere and, perhaps, in the mantle wedge of subduction zones, but remains a challenge to model.

中文翻译：

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从地幔中提取熔体的物理学：速度和风格

从部分熔融的地幔中提取熔体是当今和整个地质时期塑造固体地球的基本过程之一。熔体萃取的物理性质有多种性质和机制。我们回顾了过去 25 年该领域的研究进展，重点是了解浮力驱动熔体萃取的速度和方式。对年轻熔岩中 U 系不平衡的观察以及冰岛冰川消融火山活动的激增表明，与扩散多孔流零假设所预测的速度相比，这一速度很快。这种差异表明提取方式是渠道化的。我们讨论通道化如何对机械和热化学特性和反馈以及软流圈异质性敏感。我们回顾了支撑这些特性的晶粒尺度物理学，从而决定了更大尺度的物理行为。然后我们讨论熔体提取的速度对于预测岩浆对冰川和海平面变化的响应至关重要。最后，我们评估了当前研究的前沿，并确定了未来 25 年预计将取得重大进展的领域。我们特别强调了熔体提取与更现实的地幔热化学和流变特性模型的耦合。这种耦合对于理解俯冲带等复杂环境至关重要。 ▪ 地幔熔融提取塑造了当今和整个地质时期的地球。 ▪ 观测、实验室实验和理论表明，熔体通过反应性通道化多孔流以~30 m/年的速度上升穿过地幔。 ▪ 海平面和冰川冰负荷的变化可能会导致海底和陆上火山的融水供应发生显着变化。 ▪ 流体驱动的断裂在岩石圈中很重要，也许在俯冲带的地幔楔中也很重要，但对模型来说仍然是一个挑战。