Cornea as the outermost layer of the eye is at risk of various genetic and environmental diseases that can damage the cornea and impair vision. Corneal transplantation is among the most applicable surgical procedures for repairing the defected tissue. However, the scarcity of healthy tissue donations as well as transplantation failure has remained as the biggest challenges in confront of corneal grafting. Therefore, alternative approaches based on stem-cell transplantation and classic regenerative medicine have been developed for corneal regeneration. In this review, the application and limitation of the recently-used advanced approaches for regeneration of cornea are discussed. Additionally, other emerging powerful techniques such as 5D printing as a new branch of scaffold-based technologies for construction of tissues other than the cornea are highlighted and suggested as alternatives for corneal reconstruction. The introduced novel techniques may have great potential for clinical applications in corneal repair including disease modeling, 3D pattern scheming, and personalized medicine.

中文翻译：

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用于角膜再生的新兴组织工程策略

角膜作为眼睛的最外层，存在各种遗传和环境疾病的风险，这些疾病会损害角膜并损害视力。角膜移植是修复缺损组织的最适用的外科手术之一。然而，健康组织捐赠的稀缺以及移植失败仍然是角膜移植面临的最大挑战。因此，基于干细胞移植和经典再生医学的替代方法已被开发用于角膜再生。在这篇综述中，讨论了最近使用的先进角膜再生方法的应用和局限性。此外，其他新兴的强大技术，如 5D 打印作为基于支架的技术的一个新分支，用于构建角膜以外的组织，并被建议作为角膜重建的替代方案。引入的新技术可能在角膜修复的临床应用中具有巨大的潜力，包括疾病建模、3D 模式规划和个性化医疗。