Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of Agaricus, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Gyroporus, Russula, Tricholoma, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.

真菌是在生态系统中发挥重要作用的真核生物。在真菌中，担子菌门是主要的门之一，有超过 40,000 个被描述的物种。我们回顾了五组具有不同生活方式或栖息地的担子菌的物种多样性：草/森林垃圾中的腐生菌、木材腐烂菌、酵母样菌、外生菌根菌和植物寄生菌。姬松茸、鸡油菌、灵芝、毛孔菌、红菇、口蘑的个案研究，地衣类酵母菌、锈菌和黑穗病菌群被用来确定发现生物多样性的趋势。在每个案例研究中，都会分析 2009-2020 年间发表的新物种数量，以确定发现率。分类群之间的发表率不同，反映了不同属物种发现的不同进展状态。结果表明，地衣类酵母类群在过去二十年中新物种的发表率最高，而且这种趋势很可能在未来十年内持续下去。植物寄生担子菌的物种发现率在过去10年较低，在过去50年保持不变。我们还发现，基于真菌学家的全球联合倡议建立全面而强大的分类系统可以促进和标准化分类群的识别。我们估计到 2030 年将发现超过 54,000 种担子菌门，估计全球共有 1.4-420 万种担子菌门。这些数字说明了担子菌门中描述的和未知的多样性之间的巨大差距。