Morphological variation of the human pelvis, and particularly the hip bone, mainly results from both female-specific selective pressure related to the give birth of large-headed newborns, and constraints in both sexes for efficient bipedal locomotion, abdominal stability, and adaptation to climate. Hip bone morphology has thus been extensively investigated using several approaches, although the nuances of inter-individual and sex-related variation are still underappreciated, and the effect of sex on ontogenetic patterns is debated. Here, we employ a landmark-free, deformation-based morphometric approach to explore variation in modern human hip bone shape and size from middle adolescence to adulthood. Virtual surface models of the hip bone were obtained from 147 modern human individuals (70 females and 77 males) including adolescents, and young and mature adults. The 3D meshes were registered by rotation, translation, and uniform scaling prior to analysis in Deformetrica. The orientation and amplitude of deviations of individual specimens relative to a global mean were assessed using Principal Component Analysis, while colour maps and vectors were employed for visualisation purposes. Deformation-based morphometrics is a time-efficient and objective method free of observer-dependent biases that allows accurate shape characterisation of general and more subtle morphological variation. Here, we captured nuanced hip bone morphology revealing ontogenetic trends and sex-based variation in arcuate line curvature, greater sciatic notch shape, pubic body and rami length, acetabular expansion, and height-to-width proportions of the ilium. The observed ontogenetic trends showed a higher degree of bone modelling of the lesser pelvis of adolescent females, while male variation was mainly confined to the greater pelvis.

中文翻译：

---

使用基于变形的几何形态测量学对青少年和成人髋骨性别二态性的新见解。

人类骨盆，尤其是髋骨的形态变化，主要是由于与大头新生儿出生相关的女性特定选择压力，以及两性对有效双足运动、腹部稳定性和气候适应的限制. 因此，已经使用多种方法对髋骨形态进行了广泛研究，尽管个体间和性别相关变异的细微差别仍未得到充分重视，而且性别对个体发育模式的影响也存在争议。在这里，我们采用无地标、基于变形的形态测量方法来探索从青春期中期到成年期现代人类髋骨形状和大小的变化。髋骨的虚拟表面模型来自 147 名现代人类个体（70 名女性和 77 名男性），包括青少年、以及年轻和成熟的成年人。在 Deformetrica 中进行分析之前，3D 网格通过旋转、平移和统一缩放进行注册。使用主成分分析评估单个样本相对于全局平均值的偏差的方向和幅度，而彩色图和向量则用于可视化目的。基于变形的形态测量学是一种省时且客观的方法，没有依赖于观察者的偏差，可以对一般和更细微的形态变化进行准确的形状表征。在这里，我们捕捉到细微的髋骨形态，揭示了弓形线曲率、更大的坐骨切迹形状、耻骨体和支长度、髋臼扩张和髂骨的高宽比例的个体发育趋势和基于性别的变化。