Abstract

Although viruses in their natural habitats add up to less than 10% of the biomass, they contribute more than 90% of the genome sequences [1]. These viral sequences or ‘viromes’ encode viruses that populate the Earth’s oceans [2, 3] and terrestrial environments [4, 5], where their infections impact life across diverse ecological niches and scales [6, 7], including humans [8–10]. Most viruses have yet to be isolated and cultured [11–13], and surprisingly few efforts have explored what analysis of available data might reveal about their nature. Here, we compiled and analyzed seven decades of one-step growth and other data for viruses from six major families, including their infections of archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic hosts [14–191]. We found that the use of host cell biomass for virus production was highest for archaea at 10%, followed by bacteria at 1% and eukarya at 0.01%, highlighting the degree to which viruses of archaea and bacteria exploit their host cells. For individual host cells, the yield of virus progeny spanned a relatively narrow range (10–1000 infectious particles per cell) compared with the million-fold difference in size between the smallest and largest cells. Furthermore, healthy and infected host cells were remarkably similar in the time they needed to multiply themselves or their virus progeny. Specifically, the doubling time of healthy cells and the delay time for virus release from infected cells were not only correlated (r = 0.71, p < 10⁻¹⁰, n = 101); they also spanned the same range from tens of minutes to about a week. These results have implications for better understanding the growth, spread and persistence of viruses in complex natural habitats that abound with diverse hosts, including humans and their associated microbes.

中文翻译：

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病毒在生命多样性中的生长模式

摘要

尽管在其自然栖息地中的病毒加起来不到生物量的 10%，但它们贡献了超过 90% 的基因组序列 [1]。这些病毒序列或“病毒组”对遍布地球海洋 [2, 3] 和陆地环境 [4, 5] 的病毒进行编码，它们的感染会影响不同生态位和规模的生命 [6, 7]，包括人类 [8– 10]。大多数病毒尚未被分离和培养[11-13]，令人惊讶的是，很少有人探索对可用数据的分析可能揭示其性质。在这里，我们汇总并分析了来自六个主要家族的病毒的七个十年的一步增长和其他数据，包括它们对古细菌、细菌和真核宿主的感染 [14-191]。我们发现用于病毒生产的宿主细胞生物量在古生菌中最高，为 10%，其次是 1% 的细菌和 0.01% 的真核生物，突出了古细菌和细菌病毒利用其宿主细胞的程度。对于单个宿主细胞，与最小和最大细胞之间的百万倍大小差异相比，病毒后代的产量范围相对较窄（每个细胞 10-1000 个感染性颗粒）。此外，健康和受感染的宿主细胞在需要繁殖自身或其病毒后代的时间上非常相似。具体来说，健康细胞的倍增时间和感染细胞释放病毒的延迟时间不仅相关（与最小和最大细胞之间的百万倍大小差异相比，病毒后代的产量范围相对较窄（每个细胞 10-1000 个感染性颗粒）。此外，健康和受感染的宿主细胞在需要繁殖自身或其病毒后代的时间上非常相似。具体来说，健康细胞的倍增时间和感染细胞释放病毒的延迟时间不仅相关（与最小和最大细胞之间的百万倍大小差异相比，病毒后代的产量范围相对较窄（每个细胞 10-1000 个感染性颗粒）。此外，健康和受感染的宿主细胞在需要繁殖自身或其病毒后代的时间上非常相似。具体来说，健康细胞的倍增时间和感染细胞释放病毒的延迟时间不仅相关（r =  0.71, p <  10 ^-10 , n =  101); 它们也跨越相同的范围，从几十分钟到大约一周。这些结果有助于更好地了解病毒在复杂的自然栖息地中的生长、传播和持久性，这些自然栖息地充满了不同的宿主，包括人类及其相关微生物。