Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent to date the leading cause of mortality in both genders in the developed countries. In this context, a strong need for CVD prevention is emerging through lifestyle modification and nutrition. In fact, several studies linked CVD with unhealthy nutrition, alcohol consumption, stress, and smoking, together with a low level of physical activity. Thus, the primary aim is to prevent and reduce CVD risk factors, such as impaired lipid and glycemic profiles, high blood pressure and obesity. Different types of diet have been, therefore, established to optimize the approach regarding this issue such as the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH), vegetarian diet, ketogenic diet, and Japanese diet. Depending on the diet type, recommendations generally emphasize subjects to increase vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and pulses consumption, but discourage or recommend eliminating red meat, sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages, along with processed foods that are high in sugar, salt, fat, or low in dietary fiber. In particular, we evaluated and compared the peculiar aspects of these well-known dietary patterns and, thus, this review evaluates the critical factors that increase CVD risk and the potential application and benefits of nutritional protocols to ameliorate dietary and lifestyle patterns for CVD prevention.

迄今为止，心血管疾病（CVD）是发达国家男女死亡的主要原因。在这种背景下，通过改变生活方式和营养来预防心血管疾病的强烈需求正在出现。事实上，一些研究将心血管疾病与不健康的营养、饮酒、压力、吸烟以及低水平的体力活动联系起来。因此，主要目标是预防和减少心血管疾病危险因素，例如血脂和血糖水平受损、高血压和肥胖。因此，已经建立了不同类型的饮食来优化解决这个问题的方法，例如地中海饮食、高血压饮食方法（DASH）、素食饮食、生酮饮食和日本饮食。根据饮食类型，建议通常强调增加蔬菜、水果、全谷物和豆类的摄入量，但不鼓励或建议消除红肉、糖果和含糖饮料，以及高糖、高盐的加工食品、脂肪或膳食纤维含量低。特别是，我们评估和比较了这些众所周知的饮食模式的特殊方面，因此，本综述评估了增加 CVD 风险的关键因素以及营养方案在改善饮食和生活方式模式以预防 CVD 方面的潜在应用和益处。