Epidemiological data support the view that both obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for a high proportion of total morbidity and mortality in adults throughout the world. Obesity and CVD have complex interplay mechanisms of genetic and environmental factors, including diet. Nutrition is an environmental factor and it has a predominant and recognizable role in health management and in the prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases, including CVD. However, there is a marked variation in CVD in patients with obesity and the same dietary pattern. The different genetic polymorphisms could explain this variation, which leads to the emergence of the concept of nutrigenetics. Nutritional genomics or nutrigenetics is the science that studies and characterizes gene variants associated with differential response to specific nutrients and relating this variation to various diseases, such as CVD related to obesity. Thus, the personalized nutrition recommendations, based on the knowledge of an individual’s genetic background, might improve the outcomes of a specific dietary intervention and represent a new dietary approach to improve health, reducing obesity and CVD. Given these premises, it is intuitive to suppose that the elucidation of diet and gene interactions could support more specific and effective dietary interventions in both obesity and CVD prevention through personalized nutrition based on nutrigenetics. This review aims to briefly summarize the role of the most important genes associated with obesity and CVD and to clarify the knowledge about the relation between nutrition and gene expression and the role of the main nutrition-related genes in obesity and CVD.

流行病学数据支持这样一种观点，即肥胖和心血管疾病（CVD）在全世界成年人中占总发病率和死亡率的很大比例。肥胖与CVD具有遗传和环境因素（包括饮食）的复杂相互作用机制。营养是环境因素，它在健康管理以及预防肥胖症和与肥胖有关的疾病（包括CVD）中具有重要的作用。但是，肥胖和饮食结构相同的患者的CVD有明显变化。不同的遗传多态性可以解释这种变异，从而导致营养遗传学概念的出现。营养基因组学或营养遗传学是一门研究和鉴定与特定营养素差异反应相关的基因变异并将其与各种疾病（例如与肥胖相关的CVD）相关的科学。因此，基于个人遗传背景的知识，个性化的营养建议可能会改善特定饮食干预的效果，并代表一种新的饮食方法来改善健康，减少肥胖和CVD。在这些前提下，可以直观地推测，饮食和基因相互作用的阐明可以通过基于营养遗传学的个性化营养，为肥胖症和CVD的预防提供更具体，有效的饮食干预。