The co-existence of humans and gut microbiota started millions of years ago. Until now, a balance gradually developed between gut bacteria and their hosts. It is now recognized that gut microbiota are key to form adequate immune and metabolic functions and, more in general, for the maintenance of good health. Gut microbiota are established before birth under the influence of maternal nutrition and metabolic status, which can impact the future metabolic risk of the offspring in terms of obesity, diabetes, and cardiometabolic disorders during the lifespan. Obesity and diabetes are prone to disrupt the gut microbiota and alter the gut barrier permeability, leading to metabolic endotoxaemia with its detrimental consequences on health. Specific bacterial sequences are now viewed as peculiar signatures of the metabolic syndrome across life stages in each individual, and are linked to pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) via metabolic products (metabolites) and immune modulation. These mechanisms have been linked, in association with abnormalities in microbial richness and diversity, to an increased risk of developing arterial hypertension, systemic inflammation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure. Emerging strategies for the manipulation of intestinal microbiota represent a promising therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of CVD especially in individuals prone to CV events.

人类与肠道菌群的共存始于数百万年前。到目前为止，肠道细菌与其宿主之间逐渐形成平衡。现在已经认识到，肠道菌群是形成足够的免疫和代谢功能的关键，更普遍的说，对于维持良好的健康至关重要。肠道菌群在出生前就受到母亲营养和代谢状况的影响而建立，这可能会影响后代在生命周期中肥胖，糖尿病和心脏代谢异常方面的后代代谢风险。肥胖和糖尿病易于破坏肠道菌群并改变肠道屏障通透性，导致代谢性内毒素血症，对健康产生不利影响。现在，特定细菌序列被视为每个个体生命周期中代谢综合症的特殊特征，并通过代谢产物（代谢产物）和免疫调节作用与心血管疾病（CVD）的发病机理相关。这些机制与微生物丰富性和多样性异常有关，与发生动脉高血压，全身性炎症，非酒精性脂肪肝，冠状动脉疾病，慢性肾脏疾病和心力衰竭的风险增加有关。新兴的肠道菌群控制策略代表了一种有前途的预防和治疗CVD的治疗选择，尤其是在易发生CV事件的个体中。并通过代谢产物（代谢产物）和免疫调节作用与心血管疾病（CVD）的发病机理相关。这些机制与微生物丰富性和多样性异常有关，与发生动脉高血压，全身性炎症，非酒精性脂肪肝，冠状动脉疾病，慢性肾脏疾病和心力衰竭的风险增加有关。新兴的肠道菌群控制策略代表了一种有前途的预防和治疗CVD的治疗选择，尤其是在易发生CV事件的个体中。并通过代谢产物（代谢产物）和免疫调节作用与心血管疾病（CVD）的发病机理相关。这些机制与微生物丰富性和多样性异常有关，与发生动脉高血压，全身性炎症，非酒精性脂肪肝，冠状动脉疾病，慢性肾脏疾病和心力衰竭的风险增加有关。新兴的肠道菌群控制策略代表了一种有前途的预防和治疗CVD的治疗选择，尤其是在易发生CV事件的个体中。冠状动脉疾病，慢性肾脏疾病和心力衰竭。新兴的肠道菌群控制策略代表了一种有前途的预防和治疗CVD的治疗选择，尤其是在易发生CV事件的个体中。冠状动脉疾病，慢性肾脏疾病和心力衰竭。新兴的肠道菌群控制策略代表了一种有前途的预防和治疗CVD的治疗选择，尤其是在易发生CV事件的个体中。