The scientific study of the victims of the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption began with the first discovery in the 1980s of hundreds of skeletons of people who had taken refuge in the suburban area of Herculaneum. Hundreds of human victims were found crowding the beach and a series of waterfront chambers, fixated into a final posture by the first of the deadly incoming pyroclastic currents. The towns of Herculaneum, Pompeii and other Roman settlements up to 20 kilometers away were suddenly hit and overwhelmed by successive ash-avalanches, fast moving clouds of hot volcanic ash and gases known as pyroclastic surges, capable of killing all residents who were not yet evacuated. Given the impossibility of access to the skeletal remains of the Pompeiians locked within the plaster casts and the sparse occasional finds of victims elsewhere, most of the anthropological studies focused on the victims discovered in Herculaneum. The first investigations were carried out to detect the biological and pathological features of these people. More recent multidisciplinary studies on the victims' skeletons and their volcanological context shed light on the dynamic impacts of the 79 AD Plinian eruption on the area around the volcano and on its inhabitants. The effects of the high temperatures of the surges as suffered by the remaining resident population were revealed, with crucial implications for the present-day risk of a similar outcome to around three million people living close to the volcano, including metropolitan Naples.

中文翻译：

---

公元79年维苏威火山爆发的赫库兰尼姆受害者：回顾。

对公元79年维苏威火山爆发受害者的科学研究始于1980年代首次发现在赫库兰尼姆郊区避难的数百具骨骼的人。数以百计的人类受害者被发现拥挤在海滩和一系列海滨小室中，这些致命性的火山碎屑流中的第一流将其固定在最后的姿势中。赫库兰尼姆，庞贝城和其他距罗马最远20公里的城镇被连续的火山灰雪崩，快速移动的热火山灰云和被称为火山碎屑潮的气体所淹没，能够杀死所有尚未撤离的居民。鉴于不可能进入被困在石膏模型中的庞贝古城骨骼遗骸，并且偶尔在其他地方发现稀少的受害者，大多数人类学研究都集中在赫库兰尼姆发现的受害者上。进行了首次调查以检测这些人的生物学和病理特征。最近有关受害者骨骼及其火山环境的多学科研究揭示了公元79年普林尼亚火山喷发对火山周围地区及其居民的动态影响。揭示了剩余居民人口遭受的高潮浪潮的影响，这对当今有类似结果的风险具有至关重要的意义，这接近居住在火山附近的约300万人，包括大都市那不勒斯。进行了首次调查以检测这些人的生物学和病理特征。最近有关受害者骨骼及其火山环境的多学科研究揭示了公元79年普利尼亚火山喷发对火山周围地区及其居民的动态影响。揭示了剩余居民人口遭受的高潮浪潮的影响，这对当今有类似结果的风险具有至关重要的意义，这接近居住在火山附近的约300万人，包括大都市那不勒斯。进行了首次调查以检测这些人的生物学和病理特征。最近有关受害者骨骼及其火山环境的多学科研究揭示了公元79年普林尼亚火山喷发对火山周围地区及其居民的动态影响。揭示了剩余居民人口遭受的高潮浪潮的影响，这对当今有类似结果的风险具有至关重要的意义，这接近居住在火山附近的约300万人，包括大都市那不勒斯。