Human DNA cytosine-to-uracil deaminases catalyze mutations in both pathogen and cellular genomes. APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H restrict human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection in cells deficient in the viral infectivity factor (Vif), and have the potential to catalyze sublethal levels of mutation in viral genomes in Vif-proficient cells. At least two APOBEC3 enzymes, and in particular APOBEC3B, are sources of somatic mutagenesis in cancer cells that drive tumor evolution and may manifest clinically as recurrence, metastasis, and/or therapy resistance. Consequently, APOBEC3 enzymes are tantalizing targets for developing chemical probes and therapeutic molecules to harness mutational processes in human disease. This review highlights recent efforts to chemically manipulate APOBEC3 activities.

中文翻译：

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APOBEC酶作为病毒和癌症治疗的靶标

人DNA胞嘧啶至尿嘧啶脱氨基酶催化病原体和细胞基因组中的突变。APOBEC3D，APOBEC3F，APOBEC3G和APOBEC3H可限制缺乏病毒感染因子（Vif）的细胞中的人类免疫缺陷病毒1（HIV-1）感染，并具有催化Vif熟练细胞中病毒基因组突变的亚致死水平的潜力。至少两种APOBEC3酶，特别是APOBEC3B是癌细胞中体细胞诱变的来源，其驱动肿瘤的发展并在临床上可表现为复发，转移和/或治疗耐药性。因此，APOBEC3酶是诱人的靶标，用于开发化学探针和治疗分子以利用人类疾病中的突变过程。这篇综述重点介绍了化学操纵APOBEC3活动的最新努力。