This study monitored the human health risks through dermal exposure, hazardous risks to ecological integrity, contamination levels, spatio-temporal distribution, and congener specific analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) across River Ravi and its three northern tributaries (Nullah Bein, Nullah Basanter and Nullah Deg). The residual levels of OCPs isomers were screened for water (n = 54) and surface sediment (n = 54) samples from twenty seven sampling sites in two alternate seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon). The ∑ OCPs concentrations ranged from 13.61 to 1992.18 ng/g dry weight and 12.89 to 128.16 ng/L with predominance of β-endosulfan and p,p′-DDT in sediment and water matrixes, respectively. Distribution pattern revealed significantly higher concentrations in upstream and midstream, suggesting considerable transboundary OCPs pollution. Calculated ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH, o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT, (DDE + DDD) / ∑ DDTs and cis/trans-chlordane for water and sediments identified the fresh addition of lindane, technical DDTs and chlordane in the study area. Risk quotient (RQ) based ecological risk was found to be > 1 at all studied streams during both seasons and elucidates higher risks for endosulfan (α-endosulfan) and endrin. Human health risk assessment indicated absence of hazardous (non-carcinogenic) risk through bathing in studied streams; as the hazard index values ranged from 1.09E − 05 to 2.48E − 02 (acceptable limit; < 1). However, the calculated carcinogenic risk possessed by OCPs through dermal exposure ranged from 1.39E − 10 to 1.98E − 05 that highlighted the considerable carcinogenic risk associated to aldrin, dieldrin, p,p′-DDT and β-endosulfan at certain studied sites. Therefore, the high levels of ecological risk and carcinogenic human health risk had emphasized an immediate elimination of ongoing OCPs addition in the studied area.

这项研究通过皮肤暴露，对生态完整性的危害风险，污染水平，时空分布以及拉维河及其北部三个支流（Nullah Bein，Nullah Basanter和Nullah Deg）。在两个交替的季节（季风前和季风后）对来自27个采样点的水（n = 54）和表面沉积物（n = 54）样品中的OCPs异构体的残留水平进行了筛选。∑ OCPs浓度范围为干重13.61至1992.18 ng / g和12.89至128.16 ng / L，主要为β-硫丹和p，p分别在沉积物和水基质中的'-DDT。分布模式显示上游和中游的浓度明显较高，这表明跨界OCP受到了相当大的污染。α-HCH /γ-HCH，计算比率ø，p滴滴涕/ p，p '-DDT，（DDE + DDD）/Σ滴滴涕和顺式/反式-用于水和沉积物的氯丹确定了研究区域新鲜添加的林丹，工业滴滴涕和氯丹。在两个季节的所有研究溪流中，基于风险商（RQ）的生态风险均大于1，并阐明了硫丹（α-硫丹）和异狄氏剂的较高风险。人体健康风险评估表明，在所研究的溪流中沐浴不会产生危险（非致癌性）风险；危险指数范围为1.09E − 05至2.48E − 02（可接受限值； <1）。但是，OCP通过皮肤暴露所计算出的致癌风险范围为1.39E-10至1.98E-05，这突出了与艾氏剂，狄氏剂，p和p相关的相当大的致癌风险。某些研究地点的'-DDT和β-硫丹。因此，高水平的生态风险和致癌的人类健康风险强调了在研究区域立即消除正在进行的OCP的添加。