Smoke inhalation injury leads to various acute and chronic lung diseases and thus is the dominant cause of fire-related fatalities. In a search for an effective treatment and validation of therapies different classes of animal models have been developed, which include both small and large animals. These models have advanced our understanding of the mechanism of smoke inhalation injury, enabling a better understanding of pathogenesis and pathophysiology and development of new therapies. However, none of the animal models fully mirrors human lungs and their pathologies. All animal models have their limitations in replicating complex clinical conditions associated with smoke inhalation injury in humans. Therefore, for a correct interpretation of the results and to avoid bias, a precise understanding of similarities and differences of lungs between different animal species and humans is critical. We have reviewed and presented comprehensive comparison of different animal models and their clinical relevance. We presented an overview of methods utilized to induce smoke inhalation injuries, airway micro-/macrostructure, advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used small and large animal models.

烟雾吸入伤害会导致各种急性和慢性肺部疾病，因此是与火有关的死亡的主要原因。为了寻求有效的治疗方法和疗法的验证，已经开发了不同种类的动物模型，包括大小动物。这些模型使我们对烟雾吸入损伤的机理有了更深入的了解，从而使人们对发病机理和病理生理学以及新疗法的发展有了更好的了解。但是，没有一个动物模型能够完全反映人的肺及其病理。所有动物模型在复制与人类烟雾吸入伤害相关的复杂临床状况时都有其局限性。因此，为了正确解释结果并避免产生偏见，准确了解不同动物物种与人类之间的肺的相似性和差异至关重要。我们已经审查并提出了不同动物模型及其临床相关性的全面比较。我们概述了诱发烟雾吸入伤害，气道微/宏观结构，最常用的小型和大型动物模型的优缺点的方法。