Catalytic decomposition of organic air pollutants is attractive in environmental remediation but challenging because such a reaction must take place at ambient temperature. To achieve sufficient catalytic activity under these conditions, the size, morphology and electric state of catalysts are critical. In particular, the interaction between noble metals and their ceramic supports is crucial for these catalysts. Herein we elucidate the significance of strong metal–support interactions (SMSIs) and strong oxide–support interactions (SOSIs) in such catalysts. The SMSIs lead to embedded metal nanoparticles into ceramic supports, hindering metal particle growth. For example, SMSIs in Pt–TiO₂ formed by reduction of NaBH₄ at room temperature allows stabilization of Pt clusters of 1–2 nm in diameter. On the other hand, SMSIs in Ag–TiO₂ composites form crystalline TiO_x (x < 2) that is a highly active photocatalyst under the full range of visible light (400–800 nm). Furthermore, such embedded structures could enhance visible light absorption by plasmonic materials. The SOSIs take place between metals and supports through oxygen ligands forming their hetero-bimetallic structure (e.g. Cu–O–Ti). This enables absorption of visible light and facilitates the transfer of photo-excited electrons to the co-catalysts (e.g. TiO₂ to Cu), resulting in superior visible-light activity with a quantum yield of over 50%. Also, such interactions allow stabilization of small metal clusters and even single atoms on the supports to significantly facilitate the catalytic oxidation of pollutants at ambient temperature. For example, single Pd atoms on TiO₂ increase its photocatalytic NO_x removal by 9 times while only doubling its cost.

中文翻译：

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金属与催化剂在环境修复催化剂中的相互作用

有机空气污染物的催化分解在环境修复中很有吸引力，但是具有挑战性，因为这种反应必须在环境温度下进行。为了在这些条件下获得足够的催化活性，催化剂的尺寸，形态和电态至关重要。尤其是，贵金属与其陶瓷载体之间的相互作用对于这些催化剂至关重要。本文中，我们阐明了这种催化剂中强金属-载体相互作用（SMSI）和强氧化物-载体相互作用（SOSI）的重要性。SMSI导致将金属纳米粒子嵌入陶瓷载体中，从而阻碍了金属粒子的生长。例如，通过还原NaBH ₄形成的Pt-TiO _2中的SMSI在室温下，可以稳定直径为1-2 nm的Pt团簇。另一方面，Ag-TiO ₂复合材料中的SMSIs形成结晶TiO _x（x <2），它是在整个可见光范围（400-800 nm）下具有高活性的光催化剂。此外，这样的嵌入式结构可以增强等离子体材料对可见光的吸收。SOSI发生在金属和载体之间，通过氧配体形成其异双金属结构（例如Cu–O–Ti）。这样可以吸收可见光，并促进光激发电子向助催化剂（例如TiO ₂（相对于Cu而言），产生了出众的可见光活性，量子产率超过50％。同样，这种相互作用还可以使小金属簇甚至载体上的单个原子稳定下来，从而显着促进环境温度下污染物的催化氧化。例如，在TiO单个钯原子₂增加光催化NO _X除去了9倍，而只有加倍其成本。