CD28 and CTLA-4 are members of a family of immunoglobulin-related receptors that are responsible for various aspects of T-cell immune regulation. The family includes CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS as well as other proteins, including PD-1, BTLA, and TIGIT. These receptors have both stimulatory (CD28, ICOS) and inhibitory roles (CTLA-4, PD-1, BTLA, and TIGIT) in T-cell function. Increasingly, these pathways are targeted as part of immune modulatory strategies to treat cancers, referred to generically as immune checkpoint blockade, and conversely to treat autoimmunity and CTLA-4 deficiency. Here, we focus on the biology of the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway as a framework for understanding the impacts of therapeutic manipulation of this pathway.

中文翻译：

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CTLA-4：免疫治疗中的移动目标

CD28 和 CTLA-4 是免疫球蛋白相关受体家族的成员，负责 T 细胞免疫调节的各个方面。该家族包括 CD28、CTLA-4 和 ICOS 以及其他蛋白，包括 PD-1、BTLA 和 TIGIT。这些受体对 T 细胞功能具有刺激作用（CD28、ICOS）和抑制作用（CTLA-4、PD-1、BTLA 和 TIGIT）。这些途径越来越多地被作为治疗癌症的免疫调节策略的一部分，通常称为免疫检查点阻断，反之亦然用于治疗自身免疫和 CTLA-4 缺陷。在这里，我们重点关注 CD28/CTLA-4 通路的生物学，作为理解该通路治疗操作影响的框架。