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HIV prevalence and behavioral and psychosocial factors among transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men in 8 African countries: A cross-sectional analysis
PLOS Medicine ( IF 15.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-11-07 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002422
Tonia Poteat , Benjamin Ackerman , Daouda Diouf , Nuha Ceesay , Tampose Mothopeng , Ky-Zerbo Odette , Seni Kouanda , Henri Gautier Ouedraogo , Anato Simplice , Abo Kouame , Zandile Mnisi , Gift Trapence , L. Leigh Ann van der Merwe , Vicente Jumbe , Stefan Baral

Introduction

Sub-Saharan Africa bears more than two-thirds of the worldwide burden of HIV; however, data among transgender women from the region are sparse. Transgender women across the world face significant vulnerability to HIV. This analysis aimed to assess HIV prevalence as well as psychosocial and behavioral drivers of HIV infection among transgender women compared with cisgender (non-transgender) men who have sex with men (cis-MSM) in 8 sub-Saharan African countries.

Methods and findings

Respondent-driven sampling targeted cis-MSM for enrollment. Data collection took place at 14 sites across 8 countries: Burkina Faso (January–August 2013), Côte d’Ivoire (March 2015–February 2016), The Gambia (July–December 2011), Lesotho (February–September 2014), Malawi (July 2011–March 2012), Senegal (February–November 2015), Swaziland (August–December 2011), and Togo (January–June 2013). Surveys gathered information on sexual orientation, gender identity, stigma, mental health, sexual behavior, and HIV testing. Rapid tests for HIV were conducted. Data were merged, and mixed effects logistic regression models were used to estimate relationships between gender identity and HIV infection. Among 4,586 participants assigned male sex at birth, 937 (20%) identified as transgender or female, and 3,649 were cis-MSM. The mean age of study participants was approximately 24 years, with no difference between transgender participants and cis-MSM. Compared to cis-MSM participants, transgender women were more likely to experience family exclusion (odds ratio [OR] 1.75, 95% CI 1.42–2.16, p < 0.001), rape (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.63–2.36, p < 0.001), and depressive symptoms (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.12–1.52, p < 0.001). Transgender women were more likely to report condomless receptive anal sex in the prior 12 months (OR 2.44, 95% CI 2.05–2.90, p < 0.001) and to be currently living with HIV (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.49–2.19, p < 0.001). Overall HIV prevalence was 25% (235/926) in transgender women and 14% (505/3,594) in cis-MSM. When adjusted for age, condomless receptive anal sex, depression, interpersonal stigma, law enforcement stigma, and violence, and the interaction of gender with condomless receptive anal sex, the odds of HIV infection for transgender women were 2.2 times greater than the odds for cis-MSM (95% CI 1.65–2.87, p < 0.001). Limitations of the study included sampling strategies tailored for cis-MSM and merging of datasets with non-identical survey instruments.

Conclusions

In this study in sub-Saharan Africa, we found that HIV burden and stigma differed between transgender women and cis-MSM, indicating a need to address gender diversity within HIV research and programs.



中文翻译:

在8个非洲国家中与男性发生性行为的跨性别女性和顺性别男性中的艾滋病病毒感染率以及行为和社会心理因素:横断面分析

介绍

撒哈拉以南非洲地区承担着全球三分之二的艾滋病毒负担;但是,该地区跨性别妇女的数据很少。世界各地的变性妇女都面临艾滋病毒的重大脆弱性。这项分析的目的是评估在8个撒哈拉以南非洲国家中,与跨性别男性(cis-MSM)(顺式-MSM)相比,跨性别女性中的艾滋病病毒感染率以及艾滋病毒感染的社会心理和行为驱动因素。

方法和发现

受访者驱动的抽样针对性cis-MSM进行注册。在8个国家/地区的14个站点进行了数据收集:布基纳法索(2013年1月至2013年8月),科特迪瓦(2015年3月至2016年2月),冈比亚(2011年7月至12月),莱索托(2014年2月至9月),马拉维(2011年7月至2012年3月),塞内加尔(2015年2月至11月),斯威士兰(2011年8月至12月)和多哥(2013年1月至2013年6月)。调查收集了有关性取向,性别认同,污名,心理健康,性行为和艾滋病毒检测的信息。进行了艾滋病毒的快速检测。合并数据,并使用混合效应逻辑回归模型估计性别认同与HIV感染之间的关系。在4,586名出生时被分配为男性的参与者中,有937名(20%)被确定为变性者或女性,其中3,649名为顺式-MSM。研究参与者的平均年龄约为24岁,跨性别参与者与cis-MSM之间没有差异。与顺式MSM参与者相比,变性女性更容易遭受家庭排斥(赔率[OR] 1.75,95%CI 1.42–2.16,p < 0.001),强奸(OR 1.95,95%CI 1.63–2.36,p < 0.001)和抑郁症状(OR 1.30,95%CI 1.12-1.52 ,p < 0.001)。变性女性在过去的12个月中更有可能报告无避孕套接受肛交(OR 2.44,95%CI 2.05–2.90,p < 0.001),并且目前感染了艾滋病毒(OR 1.81,95%CI 1.49–2.19,p) <0.001)。在跨性别女性中,艾滋病毒总体感染率为25%(235/926),在顺式MSM中为14%(505 / 3,594)。调整年龄,无避孕套接受肛交,抑郁,人际歧视,执法污名和暴力以及性别与无套接受接受肛交的相互作用后,变性女性感染艾滋病毒的几率是顺式几率的2.2倍。 -MSM(95%CI 1.65–2.87,p < 0.001)。该研究的局限性包括为顺式MSM量身定制的采样策略以及将数据集与不同的调查工具合并的方法。

结论

在撒哈拉以南非洲地区的这项研究中,我们发现跨性别女性和顺式MSM之间的HIV负担和污名不同,这表明有必要在HIV研究和计划中解决性别多样性问题。

更新日期:2017-12-01
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