Carbonaceous materials have long been considered promising anode materials for Na-ion batteries. However, the electrochemical performance of conventional carbon anodes is generally poor because the sodium ion storage solely relies on the disordered region of the carbon materials in a carbonate-based electrolyte. The solvent co-intercalation mechanism for Na ions has been recently reported in natural graphite anodes for Na-ion batteries with ether-based electrolytes, but their capacities are still unsatisfactory. We show here for the first time that by combining regular Na ion storage in the disordered carbon layer and solvent co-intercalation mechanism in the graphitized layer of a commercial N330 carbon black as an anode material for Na-ion batteries in ether-based electrolyte, the reversible capacity could be fully realized and doubled in magnitude. This unique sodium intercalation process resulted in a significantly improved electrochemical performance for the N330 electrode with an initial reversible capacity of 234 mAh·g^–1 at 50 mA·g^–1 and a superior rate capability of 105 mAh·g^–1 at 3,200 mA·g^–1. When cycled at 3,200 mA·g^–1 over 2,000 cycles, the electrode still exhibited a highly reversible capacity of 72 mAh·g^–1 with a negligible capacity loss per cycle (0.0167%). Additionally, surface-sensitive C K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, with the assistance of electrochemical and physicochemical characterizations, helped in identifying the controlled formation and evolution of a thin and robust solid electrolyte interphase film. This film not only reduced the resistance for sodium ion diffusion, but also maintained the structural stability of the electrode for extended cycle reversibility. The superior electrochemical performance of N330 carbon black strongly demonstrated the potential of applying ether-based electrolytes for a wide range of carbon anodes apart from natural graphite.

中文翻译：

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通过溶剂共嵌入，将碳黑的全部容量用作Na离子电池的负极

碳质材料长期以来一直被认为是有潜力的Na离子电池负极材料。但是，常规碳阳极的电化学性能通常很差，因为钠离子存储仅依赖于碳酸盐基电解质中碳材料的无序区域。最近在具有醚基电解质的用于钠离子电池的天然石墨阳极中已经报道了用于钠离子的溶剂共嵌入机理，但是其容量仍然不能令人满意。我们首次在这里表明，通过将无序碳层中的常规Na离子存储与商用N330炭黑作为醚基电解质中Na离子电池的负极材料的石墨化层中的溶剂共嵌入机制相结合，可逆容量可以完全实现，并且幅度可以翻倍。这种独特的钠嵌入过程使N330电极的电化学性能得到了显着改善，初始可逆容量为234 mAh·g^-1在50mA·^克-1和105毫安时的优异的倍率性能·^克-1在3200毫安·^克-1。当在2,000个循环中以3,200 mA·g ^–1循环时，电极仍显示出72 mAh·g ^–1的高度可逆容量每个周期的容量损失可忽略不计（0.0167％）。此外，表面敏感的C K边缘X射线吸收光谱在电化学和物理化学表征的辅助下，有助于确定薄而坚固的固体电解质中间膜的受控形成和演化。该膜不仅降低了钠离子扩散的阻力，而且还保持了电极的结构稳定性以延长循环可逆性。N330炭黑的出色电化学性能有力证明了将醚基电解质应用于除天然石墨之外的各种碳阳极的潜力。