Noninvasive engineering models are now being used for diagnosing and planning the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Techniques in computational modeling and additive manufacturing have matured concurrently, and results from simulations can inform and enable the design and optimization of therapeutic devices and treatment strategies. The emerging synergy between large-scale simulations and 3D printing is having a two-fold benefit: first, 3D printing can be used to validate the complex simulations, and second, the flow models can be used to improve treatment planning for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent methods and findings for leveraging advances in both additive manufacturing and patient-specific computational modeling, with an emphasis on new directions in these fields and remaining open questions.

非侵入性工程模型现已用于诊断和计划心血管疾病的治疗。计算建模和增材制造的技术已同时成熟，并且模拟结果可以为治疗设备和治疗策略的设计和优化提供信息，并使之成为可能。大规模模拟和3D打印之间正在出现的协同效应具有双重好处：首先，可以使用3D打印来验证复杂的模拟，其次，可以使用血流模型来改善心血管疾病的治疗计划。在这篇综述中，我们总结并讨论了利用增材制造和针对特定患者的计算模型方面的进展的最新方法和发现，重点是这些领域的新方向和尚待解决的问题。