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Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-09-25 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03532
Jean-Pierre Desforges 1 , Milton Levin 2 , Lindsay Jasperse 2 , Sylvain De Guise 2 , Igor Eulaers 1 , Robert J. Letcher 3 , Mario Acquarone 4 , Erling Nordøy 4 , Lars P. Folkow 4 , Trine Hammer Jensen 5 , Carsten Grøndahl 6 , Mads F. Bertelsen 6 , Judy St. Leger 7 , Javier Almunia 8 , Christian Sonne 1 , Rune Dietz 1
Affiliation  

Most controlled toxicity studies use single chemical exposures that do not represent the real world situation of complex mixtures of known and unknown natural and anthropogenic substances. In the present study, complex contaminant cocktails derived from the blubber of polar bears (PB; Ursus maritimus) and killer whales (KW; Orcinus orca) were used for in vitro concentration–response experiments with PB, cetacean and seal spp. immune cells to evaluate the effect of realistic contaminant mixtures on various immune functions. Cytotoxic effects of the PB cocktail occurred at lower concentrations than the KW cocktail (1 vs 16 μg/mL), likely due to differences in contaminant profiles in the mixtures derived from the adipose of each species. Similarly, significant reduction of lymphocyte proliferation occurred at much lower exposures in the PB cocktail (EC50: 0.94 vs 6.06 μg/mL; P < 0.01), whereas the KW cocktail caused a much faster decline in proliferation (slope: 2.9 vs 1.7; P = 0.04). Only the KW cocktail modulated natural killer (NK) cell activity and neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis in a concentration- and species-dependent manner. No clear sensitivity differences emerged when comparing cetaceans, seals and PB. Our results showing lower effect levels for complex mixtures relative to single compounds suggest that previous risk assessments underestimate the effects of real world contaminant exposure on immunity. Our results using blubber-derived contaminant cocktails add realism to in vitro exposure experiments and confirm the immunotoxic risk marine mammals face from exposure to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants.

中文翻译:

北极熊和虎鲸衍生的污染物鸡尾酒对海洋哺乳动物免疫力的影响

大多数受控毒性研究使用的是单一化学接触,并不代表已知和未知天然与人为物质的复杂混合物的真实世界情况。在本研究中,复杂的污染物混合物来自北极熊(PB; Ursus maritimus)和虎鲸(KW; Orcinus orca)的脂肪。)用于PB,鲸蜡类动物和海豹spp的体外浓度-反应实验。免疫细胞,以评估实际的污染物混合物对各种免疫功能的影响。PB鸡尾酒的细胞毒性作用发生在比KW鸡尾酒低的浓度下(1比16μg/ mL),这可能是由于每种物种的脂肪混合物中污染物分布的差异所致。同样,在PB混合物中暴露量低得多时,淋巴细胞增殖显着降低(EC 50:0.94对6.06μg/ mL;P <0.01),而KW混合物引起的增殖下降快得多(斜率:2.9对1.7;斜率:2.9对1.7。P= 0.04)。只有KW鸡尾酒以浓度和物种依赖性方式调节自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性以及中性粒细胞和单核细胞的吞噬作用。比较鲸类,海豹和PB时,没有明显的敏感性差异。我们的结果表明,相对于单一化合物而言,复杂混合物的作用水平较低,这表明先前的风险评估低估了现实世界中污染物暴露对免疫力的影响。我们使用源自润滑脂的污染物混合物的结果为体外暴露实验增添了真实感,并确认了海洋哺乳动物因暴露于复杂的环境污染物混合物而面临的免疫毒性风险。
更新日期:2017-09-25
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