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Detoxification of Atrazine by Low Molecular Weight Thiols in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Chemical Research in Toxicology ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2017-10-04 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00166
Jing Jing Zhang 1, 2 , Jiang Yan Xu 1 , Feng Fan Lu 1 , She Feng Jin 1 , Hong Yang 1
Affiliation  

Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols in higher plants are a group of sulfur-rich nonprotein compounds and play primary and multiple roles in cellular redox homeostasis, enzyme activities, and xenobiotics detoxification. This study focused on identifying thiols-related protein genes from the legume alfalfa exposed to the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) residues in environment. Using high-throughput RNA-sequencing, a set of ATZ-responsive thiols-related protein genes highly up-regulated and differentially expressed in alfalfa was identified. Most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in regulation of biotic and abiotic stress responses. By analyzing the genes involved in thiols-mediated redox homeostasis, we found that many of them were thiols-synthetic enzymes such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthase (γECS), homoglutathione synthetase (hGSHS), and glutathione synthetase (GSHS). Using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), we further characterized a group of ATZ-thiols conjugates, which are the detoxified forms of ATZ in plants. Cysteine S-conjugate ATZ-HCl+Cys was the most important metabolite detected by MS. Several other ATZ-conjugates were also examined as ATZ-detoxified metabolites. Such results were validated by characterizing their analogs in rice. Our data showed that some conjugates under ATZ stress were detected in both plants, indicating that some detoxified mechanisms and pathways can be shared by the two plant species. Overall, these results indicate that LMW thiols play critical roles in detoxification of ATZ in the plants.

中文翻译:

低分子量硫醇在苜蓿(紫花苜蓿中)对阿特拉津的排毒作用。

高等植物中的低分子量(LMW)硫醇是一组富含硫的非蛋白质化合物,在细胞氧化还原稳态,酶活性和异种生物解毒中起主要作用和多重作用。这项研究的重点是从暴露于环境中除草剂at去津(ATZ)残留的豆类苜蓿中鉴定与硫醇相关的蛋白质基因。使用高通量RNA测序,鉴定了一组在苜蓿中高度上调和差异表达的ATZ反应性硫醇相关蛋白基因。大多数差异表达基因(DEGs)参与生物和非生物应激反应的调节。通过分析参与硫醇介导的氧化还原稳态的基因,我们发现其中许多是硫醇合成酶,例如γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合酶(γECS),高谷胱甘肽合成酶(hGSHS),和谷胱甘肽合成酶(GSHS)。使用液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS / MS),我们进一步鉴定了一组ATZ-硫醇结合物,它们是植物中ATZ的解毒形式。半胱氨酸S-共轭物ATZ-HCl + Cys是MS检测到的最重要的代谢物。还检查了其他几种ATZ共轭物,作为ATZ解毒的代谢物。通过在水稻中鉴定其类似物,验证了此类结果。我们的数据表明,在两种植物中均检测到一些在ATZ胁迫下的结合物,表明这两种植物可以共享某些解毒机理和途径。总体而言,这些结果表明,LMW硫醇在植物中ATZ的解毒中起关键作用。我们进一步表征了一组ATZ-硫醇结合物,它们是植物中ATZ的解毒形式。半胱氨酸S-共轭物ATZ-HCl + Cys是MS检测到的最重要的代谢物。还检查了其他几种ATZ共轭物,作为ATZ解毒的代谢物。通过在水稻中鉴定其类似物,验证了此类结果。我们的数据表明,在两种植物中均检测到一些在ATZ胁迫下的结合物,表明这两种植物可以共享某些解毒机理和途径。总体而言,这些结果表明,LMW硫醇在植物中ATZ的解毒中起关键作用。我们进一步表征了一组ATZ-硫醇结合物,它们是植物中ATZ的解毒形式。半胱氨酸S-共轭物ATZ-HCl + Cys是MS检测到的最重要的代谢物。还检查了其他几种ATZ共轭物,作为ATZ解毒的代谢物。通过在水稻中鉴定其类似物,验证了此类结果。我们的数据表明,在两种植物中均检测到一些在ATZ胁迫下的结合物,表明这两种植物可以共享某些解毒机理和途径。总体而言,这些结果表明,LMW硫醇在植物中ATZ的解毒中起关键作用。还检查了其他几种ATZ共轭物,作为ATZ解毒的代谢物。通过在水稻中鉴定其类似物,验证了此类结果。我们的数据表明,在两种植物中均检测到一些在ATZ胁迫下的结合物,表明这两种植物可以共享某些解毒机理和途径。总体而言,这些结果表明,LMW硫醇在植物中ATZ的解毒中起关键作用。还检查了其他几种ATZ共轭物,作为ATZ解毒的代谢物。通过在水稻中鉴定其类似物,验证了此类结果。我们的数据表明,在两种植物中均检测到一些在ATZ胁迫下的结合物,表明这两种植物可以共享某些解毒机理和途径。总体而言,这些结果表明,LMW硫醇在植物中ATZ的解毒中起关键作用。
更新日期:2017-10-04
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