Industrial fermentations for the production of pharmaceuticals generate large volumes of wastewater that can be biologically treated to recover plant nutrients through the application of pharmaceutical-derived wastes to the soil. Nevertheless, benefits and risks associated with their recovery are still unexplored. Thus, the aim of the present work was to characterize three potential organic residues (sludge, anaerobic digestate and compost) derived from the wastewater generated by the daptomycin production process. The main parameters evaluated were the physico-chemical properties, potential contaminants (heavy metals, pathogens and daptomycin residues), organic matter stabilization and the potential toxicity towards soil microorganisms and plants.The results showed that all the studied materials were characterized by high concentrations of plant macronutrients (N, P and K), making them suitable for agricultural reuse. Heavy metal contents and pathogens were under the limits established by European and Italian legislations, avoiding the risk of soil contamination. The compost showed the highest organic matter stabilization within the studied materials, whereas the sludge and the anaerobic digestate were characterized by large amounts of labile organic compounds. Although the pharmaceutical-derived fertilizers did not negatively affect the soil microorganisms, as demonstrated by the enzymatic activities, the sludge and the anaerobic digestate caused a moderate and strong phytotoxicity, respectively. The compost showed no toxic effect towards plant development and, moreover, it positively affected the germination and growth in lettuce and barley. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that the valorization of pharmaceutical-derived materials through composting permits their agricultural reuse and also represents a suitable strategy to move towards a zero-waste production process for daptomycin.

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评估与农业使用药物来源的有机废物相关的收益和风险

用于药物生产的工业发酵产生大量废水，可以通过将药物衍生的废物施用于土壤来对其进行生物处理以回收植物养分。然而，与其恢复相关的收益和风险仍未开发。因此，本研究的目的是表征从达托霉素生产过程中产生的废水中衍生出的三种潜在的有机残留物（污泥，厌氧消化物和堆肥）。评价的主要参数是理化性质，潜在污染物（重金属，病原体和达托霉素残留物），有机物稳定度以及对土壤微生物和植物的潜在毒性。结果表明，所研究的所有材料均具有高浓度的植物常量营养素（N，P和K）的特征，使其适于农业再利用。重金属含量和病原体在欧洲和意大利法律规定的范围内，避免了土壤污染的风险。堆肥在所研究的物料中显示出最高的有机物稳定性，而污泥和厌氧消化物的特征是大量不稳定的有机化合物。尽管如酶促活性所示，源自药物的肥料不会对土壤微生物产生负面影响，但污泥和厌氧消化物分别引起了中等和强烈的植物毒性。堆肥对植物的生长没有毒性作用，此外，它对生菜和大麦的发芽和生长产生积极影响。在本研究中获得的结果表明，通过堆肥对药物来源的材料进行增值允许其在农业上的再利用，并且也代表了向达托霉素实现零废物生产过程的合适策略。