Compared with traditional exercise tests, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides a thorough assessment of exercise integrative physiology involving the pulmonary, cardiovascular, muscular, and cellular oxidative systems. Due to the prognostic ability of key variables, CPET applications in cardiology have grown impressively to include all forms of exercise intolerance, with a predominant focus on heart failure with reduced or with preserved ejection fraction. As impaired cardiac output and peripheral oxygen diffusion are the main determinants of the abnormal functional response in cardiac patients, invasive CPET has gained new popularity, especially for diagnosing early heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension. The most impactful advance has recently come from the introduction of CPET combined with echocardiography or CPET imaging, which provides basic information regarding cardiac and valve morphology and function. This review highlights modern CPET use as a single or combined test that allows the pathophysiological bases of exercise limitation to be translated, quite easily, into clinical practice.

中文翻译：

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心肺运动测试

与传统的运动测试相比，心肺运动测试 (CPET) 提供了对涉及肺、心血管、肌肉和细胞氧化系统的运动综合生理学的全面评估。由于关键变量的预后能力，CPET 在心脏病学中的应用已显着增长，包括所有形式的运动不耐受，主要关注射血分数降低或保留的心力衰竭。由于心输出量和外周氧扩散受损是心脏病患者功能反应异常的主要决定因素，侵入性 CPET 获得了新的普及，特别是用于诊断射血分数保留的早期心力衰竭和运动诱发的肺动脉高压。最近最有影响力的进步来自 CPET 结合超声心动图或 CPET 成像的引入，它提供了有关心脏和瓣膜形态和功能的基本信息。这篇综述强调了现代 CPET 作为单一或组合测试的使用，可以很容易地将运动受限的病理生理学基础转化为临床实践。