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Marginal Emission Factors Considering Renewables: A Case Study of the U.S. Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) System
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-09-19 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00034 Mo Li 1 , Timothy M. Smith 1, 2 , Yi Yang 3 , Elizabeth J. Wilson 4
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-09-19 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00034 Mo Li 1 , Timothy M. Smith 1, 2 , Yi Yang 3 , Elizabeth J. Wilson 4
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Estimates of marginal emission factors (MEFs) for the electricity sector have focused on emitting sources only, assuming nonemitting renewables rarely contribute to marginal generation. However, with increased penetration and improved dispatch of renewables, this assumption may be outdated. Here, we improve the methodology to incorporate renewables in MEF estimates and demonstrate a case study for the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) system where wind has been commonly dispatched on the margin. We also illustrate spatiotemporal variations of MEFs and explore implications for energy storage technologies. Results show that because the share of renewables in MISO is still relatively low (6.34%), conventional MEFs focused on emitting sources can provide a good estimate in MISO overall, as well as in the Central and South subregions. However, in the MISO North subregion where wind provides 22.5% of grid generation, neglecting nonemitting sources can overestimate MEFs for CO2, SO2, and NOx by about 30%. The application of expanded MEFs in this case also reveals heightened emission increases associated with load shifting of storage technologies. Our study highlights the importance of expanded MEFs in regions with high and growing renewables penetration, particularly as renewable energy policy seeks to incorporate demand-side technologies.
中文翻译：
考虑可再生能源的边际排放因素：以美国中部独立系统运营商（MISO）系统为例
假设非排放的可再生能源很少为边际发电做出贡献，则电力部门的边际排放因子（MEF）估计仅集中在排放源上。但是，随着可再生能源渗透率的提高和可调度性的改善，这一假设可能已过时。在这里，我们改进了将可再生能源纳入MEF估算的方法，并演示了中风独立系统运营商（MISO）系统的案例研究，该系统通常在边缘散布风。我们还说明了MEF的时空变化，并探讨了对储能技术的影响。结果表明，由于可再生能源在MISO中所占的比例仍然较低（6.34％），侧重于排放源的常规MEF可以对MISO整体以及中部和南部次区域提供良好的估计。2，SO 2和NO x的含量约为30％。在这种情况下，扩展MEF的应用还揭示了与存储技术的负荷转移相关的排放增加。我们的研究强调了在可再生能源普及率不断提高的地区扩大MEF的重要性，特别是在可再生能源政策寻求纳入需求方技术的情况下。
更新日期：2017-09-19
中文翻译：
考虑可再生能源的边际排放因素：以美国中部独立系统运营商（MISO）系统为例
假设非排放的可再生能源很少为边际发电做出贡献，则电力部门的边际排放因子（MEF）估计仅集中在排放源上。但是，随着可再生能源渗透率的提高和可调度性的改善，这一假设可能已过时。在这里，我们改进了将可再生能源纳入MEF估算的方法，并演示了中风独立系统运营商（MISO）系统的案例研究，该系统通常在边缘散布风。我们还说明了MEF的时空变化，并探讨了对储能技术的影响。结果表明，由于可再生能源在MISO中所占的比例仍然较低（6.34％），侧重于排放源的常规MEF可以对MISO整体以及中部和南部次区域提供良好的估计。2，SO 2和NO x的含量约为30％。在这种情况下，扩展MEF的应用还揭示了与存储技术的负荷转移相关的排放增加。我们的研究强调了在可再生能源普及率不断提高的地区扩大MEF的重要性，特别是在可再生能源政策寻求纳入需求方技术的情况下。
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