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Lung Cancer Mortality Associated With Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among People Living With HIV in the United States
JAMA Internal Medicine ( IF 22.5 ) Pub Date : 2017-11-01 , DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4349
Krishna P Reddy 1, 2, 3 , Chung Yin Kong 3, 4 , Emily P Hyle 1, 3, 5 , Travis P Baggett 3, 6, 7 , Mingshu Huang 1, 3, 8 , Robert A Parker 1, 3, 6, 8 , A David Paltiel 9 , Elena Losina 3, 10, 11 , Milton C Weinstein 3, 12 , Kenneth A Freedberg 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13 , Rochelle P Walensky 1, 3, 5, 6, 14
Affiliation  

Importance Lung cancer has become a leading cause of death among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH). Over 40% of PLWH in the United States smoke cigarettes; HIV independently increases the risk of lung cancer. Objective To project cumulative lung cancer mortality by smoking exposure among PLWH in care. Design Using a validated microsimulation model of HIV, we applied standard demographic data and recent HIV/AIDS epidemiology statistics with specific details on smoking exposure, combining smoking status (current, former, or never) and intensity (heavy, moderate, or light). We stratified reported mortality rates attributable to lung cancer and other non–AIDS-related causes by smoking exposure and accounted for an HIV-conferred independent risk of lung cancer. Lung cancer mortality risk ratios (vs never smokers) for male and female current moderate smokers were 23.6 and 24.2, respectively, and for those who quit smoking at age 40 years were 4.3 and 4.5. In sensitivity analyses, we accounted for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and for a range of HIV-conferred risks of death from lung cancer and from other non–AIDS-related diseases (eg, cardiovascular disease). Main Outcomes and Measures Cumulative lung cancer mortality by age 80 years (stratified by sex, age at entry to HIV care, and smoking exposure); total expected lung cancer deaths, accounting for nonadherence to ART. Results Among 40-year-old men with HIV, estimated cumulative lung cancer mortality for heavy, moderate, and light smokers who continued to smoke was 28.9%, 23.0%, and 18.8%, respectively; for those who quit smoking at age 40 years, it was 7.9%, 6.1%, and 4.3%; and for never smokers, it was 1.6%. Among women, the corresponding mortality for current smokers was 27.8%, 20.9%, and 16.6%; for former smokers, it was 7.5%, 5.2%, and 3.7%; and for never smokers, it was 1.2%. ART-adherent individuals who continued to smoke were 6 to 13 times more likely to die from lung cancer than from traditional AIDS-related causes, depending on sex and smoking intensity. Due to greater AIDS-related mortality risks, individuals with incomplete ART adherence had higher overall mortality but lower lung cancer mortality. Applying model projections to the approximately 644 200 PLWH aged 20 to 64 in care in the United States, 59 900 (9.3%) are expected to die from lung cancer if smoking habits do not change. Conclusions and Relevance Those PLWH who adhere to ART but smoke are substantially more likely to die from lung cancer than from AIDS-related causes.

中文翻译:


美国艾滋病毒感染者的肺癌死亡率与吸烟和戒烟相关



重要性 肺癌已成为人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染者 (PLWH) 死亡的主要原因。美国超过 40% 的 PLWH 吸烟; HIV 会独立增加患肺癌的风险。目的 通过护理中的 PLWH 吸烟暴露来预测累积肺癌死亡率。设计使用经过验证的艾滋病毒微观模拟模型,我们应用了标准人口数据和最近的艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病学统计数据,以及吸烟暴露的具体细节,结合吸烟状况(当前、以前或从未)和强度(重度、中度或轻度)。我们对因吸烟导致的肺癌和其他非艾滋病相关原因报告的死亡率进行了分层,并解释了艾滋病毒导致的肺癌独立风险。目前中度吸烟的男性和女性的肺癌死亡率风险比(与从不吸烟者相比)分别为 23.6 和 24.2,而 40 岁时戒烟的肺癌死亡率风险比为 4.3 和 4.5。在敏感性分析中,我们考虑了不坚持抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)以及一系列艾滋病毒引起的肺癌和其他非艾滋病相关疾病(例如心血管疾病)的死亡风险。主要成果和措施 80 岁累计肺癌死亡率(按性别、接受艾滋病毒护理年龄和吸烟暴露分层);预期肺癌死亡总数,占不遵守 ART 的原因。结果 在 40 岁艾滋病毒感染者中,重度、中度和轻度吸烟者继续吸烟的估计累积肺癌死亡率分别为 28.9%、23.0% 和 18.8%; 40岁戒烟的比例分别为7.9%、6.1%和4.3%;对于从不吸烟的人来说,这一比例为 1.6%。在女性中,当前吸烟者的相应死亡率为 27 人。8%、20.9%、16.6%;曾经吸烟者的比例分别为 7.5%、5.2% 和 3.7%;对于从不吸烟的人来说,这一比例为 1.2%。坚持吸烟的 ART 坚持者死于肺癌的可能性是传统艾滋病相关原因的 6 至 13 倍,具体取决于性别和吸烟强度。由于与艾滋病相关的死亡风险更大,不完全遵守抗逆转录病毒疗法的个体总体死亡率较高,但肺癌死亡率较低。将模型预测应用于美国约 644 200 名 20 至 64 岁的感染者,如果吸烟习惯不改变,预计将有 59 900 人(9.3%)死于肺癌。结论和相关性 那些坚持接受抗逆转录病毒治疗但吸烟的感染者死于肺癌的可能性比死于艾滋病相关原因的可能性要大得多。
更新日期:2017-11-01
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