One of the main goals of Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project is to identify protein evidence for missing proteins (MPs). Here, we present a case study of the role of Y chromosome genes in organ development and how to overcome the challenges facing MPs identification by employing human pluripotent stem cell differentiation into cells of different organs yielding unprecedented biological insight into adult silenced proteins. Y chromosome is a male-specific sex chromosome which escapes meiotic recombination. From an evolutionary perspective, Y chromosome has preserved 3% of ancestral genes compared to 98% preservation of the X chromosome based on Ohno’s law. Male specific region of Y chromosome (MSY) contains genes that contribute to central dogma and govern the expression of various targets throughout the genome. One of the most well-known functions of MSY genes are to decide the male-specific characteristics including sex, testis formation and spermatogenesis which are majorly formed by ampliconic gene families. Beyond its role in sex-specific gonad development, MSY genes in co-expression with their X counterparts, as single copy and broadly expressed genes, inhibit haplolethality and play a key role in embryogenesis. The role of X-Y related gene mutations in the development of hereditary syndromes suggests an essential contribution of sex chromosome genes to development. MSY genes, solely and independent of their X counterparts and/or in association with sex hormones, have a considerable impact on fetus development. In this review, we present major recent findings on the contribution of MSY genes to gonad formation, spermatogenesis, and the brain, heart and kidney development and discuss how Y chromosome proteome project may exploit developmental biology to find missing proteins.

中文翻译：

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以染色体为中心的人类蛋白质组计划的盟友与发育生物学：Y染色体基因在器官发育中作用的案例研究

以染色体为中心的人类蛋白质组计划的主要目标之一是识别缺失蛋白质（MP）的蛋白质证据。在这里，我们介绍了一个案例研究，Y染色体基因在器官发育中的作用以及如何通过将人类多能干细胞分化为不同器官的细胞，从而产生对成年沉默蛋白的空前生物学见解，来克服MP鉴定所面临的挑战。Y染色体是逃避减数分裂重组的男性特异性性染色体。从进化的角度来看，根据大野定律，Y染色体保留了3％的祖先基因，而X染色体保留了98％的祖先基因。Y染色体的男性特定区域（MSY）包含有助于中央教条并控制整个基因组中各种靶标表达的基因。MSY基因最著名的功能之一是确定男性特异性特征，包括性别，睾丸形成和生精，这些特征主要是由两性基因家族形成的。除了在性别特异性性腺发育中的作用外，MSY基因与X对应物（单拷贝和广泛表达的基因）共表达，抑制单倍体，并在胚胎发生中起关键作用。XY相关基因突变在遗传综合征发展中的作用表明性染色体基因对发育的重要贡献。MSY基因单独且独立于其X对应物和/或与性激素结合，对胎儿发育有相当大的影响。在这篇评论中，我们介绍了有关MSY基因对性腺形成，精子生成和大脑的贡献的最新主要发现，