Host-associated microbial communities are influenced by both host genetics and environmental factors. However, factors controlling the human oral microbiome and their impact on disease remain to be investigated. To determine the combined and relative effects of host genotype and environment on oral microbiome composition and caries phenotypes, we profiled the supragingival plaque microbiome of 485 dizygotic and monozygotic twins aged 5–11. Oral microbiome similarity always increased with shared host genotype, regardless of caries state. Additionally, although most of the variation in the oral microbiome was determined by environmental factors, highly heritable oral taxa were identified. The most heritable oral bacteria were not associated with caries state, did not tend to co-occur with other taxa, and decreased in abundance with age and sugar consumption frequency. Thus, while the human oral microbiome composition is influenced by host genetic background, potentially cariogenic taxa are likely not controlled by genetic factors.

寄主相关的微生物群落受寄主遗传和环境因素的影响。然而，控制人类口腔微生物组的因素及其对疾病的影响仍有待研究。为了确定宿主基因型和环境对口腔微生物组组成和龋齿表型的组合和相对影响，我们分析了5-11岁的485个同卵双生子和同卵双生子的龈上菌斑微生物组。口腔微生物组的相似性总是随着宿主基因型的增加而增加，而与龋病状态无关。此外，尽管口腔微生物组中的大多数变异是由环境因素决定的，但可鉴定出高度遗传的口腔类群。遗传性最高的口腔细菌与龋齿状态无关，也没有与其他生物分类共存的趋势，并随着年龄和食糖频率的增加而减少。因此，虽然人类口腔微生物组的组成受宿主遗传背景的影响，但潜在的致癌分类单元很可能不受遗传因素的控制。