Fabrication of 3D cell scaffolds has gained tremendous attention in recent years because of its applications in tissue engineering and cell biology applications. The success of tissue engineering or cell interactions mainly depends on the fabrication of well-defined microstructures, which ought to be biocompatible for cell proliferation. Femtosecond-laser-based 3D printing is one of the solution candidates that can be used to manufacture 3D tissue scaffolds through computer-aided design (CAD) which can be efficiently engineered to mimic the microenvironment of tissues. UV-based lithography has also been used for constructing the cellular scaffolds but the toxicity of UV light to the cells has prevented its application to the direct patterning of the cells in the scaffold. Although the mask-based lithography has provided a high resolution, it has only enabled 2D patterning not arbitrary 3D printing with design flexibility. Femtosecond-laser-based 3D printing is trending in the area of tissue engineering and cell biology applications due to the formation of well-defined micro- and submicrometer structures via visible and near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser pulses, followed by the fabrication of cell scaffold microstructures with a high precision. Laser direct writing and multiphoton polymerization are being used for fabricating the cell scaffolds, The implication of spatial light modulators in the interference lithography to generate the digital hologram will be the future prospective of mask-based lithography. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA), ormocomp, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETTA) have been fabricated through TPP to generate the cell scaffolds, whereas SU-8 was used to fabricate the microrobots for targeted drug delivery. Well-designed and precisely fabricated 3D cell scaffolds manufactured by femtosecond-laser-based 3D printing can be potentially used for studying cell migration, matrix invasion and nuclear stiffness to determine stage of cancer and will open broader horizons in the future in tissue engineering and biology applications.

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基于飞秒激光的3D打印，用于组织工程和细胞生物学应用

近年来，由于3D细胞支架在组织工程和细胞生物学应用中的应用，备受关注。组织工程或细胞相互作用的成功主要取决于定义明确的微结构的制造，该微结构对于细胞增殖应该具有生物相容性。基于飞秒激光的3D打印是可用于通过计算机辅助设计（CAD）来制造3D组织支架的解决方案候选方案之一，计算机辅助设计（CAD）可被有效地工程化以模仿组织的微环境。基于紫外线的光刻法也已经用于构建细胞支架，但是紫外线对细胞的毒性阻止了其应用于支架中细胞的直接构图。尽管基于掩模的光刻技术提供了高分辨率，它仅具有2D图案化功能，而不能实现具有设计灵活性的任意3D打印。由于通过可见和近红外（NIR）飞秒激光脉冲形成了定义明确的微米和亚微米结构，因此飞秒激光的3D打印在组织工程和细胞生物学应用领域处于发展趋势，随后制造了飞秒激光。高精度的细胞支架微结构。激光直接写入和多光子聚合正被用于制造细胞支架。在干涉光刻法中产生数字全息图的空间光调制器的含义将是基于掩模的光刻法的未来前景。通过TPP制备了聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯（PEG-DA），ormocomp，季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯（PETTA）以生成细胞支架，而SU-8被用来制造用于目标药物输送的微型机器人。通过基于飞秒激光的3D打印制造的精心设计且制作精良的3D细胞支架可潜在地用于研究细胞迁移，基质侵袭和核僵硬度以确定癌症的阶段，并将在未来的组织工程和生物学领域中开辟更广阔的前景应用程序。