The rise of nanotechnology has introduced a large number of nano-enabled consumer products into the market. Stakeholders either interested in or concerned about the applications of nanoparticles (NPs) have questions on their exposure pathways, behavior and fate in the environment. Currently, detection and analysis of NPs in complex environmental samples are difficult and challenging. This review summarizes the arising attempts on use of Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a valuable tool for NP analysis. The critical factors influencing the feasibility of SERS for NP analysis are the material type, individual size, primary shape, surface chemistry and spatial arrangement of NPs. Current SERS methods for identification, characterization and potential quantification of NPs are summarized and compared, with key limitations and issues recognized. Further, SERS applications in investigating the environmental behavior and fate of NPs are discussed. Probing and monitoring NPs using SERS yields important insights into the roles that NPs play in the environment. By studying the potential of SERS to detect NPs and track their environmental behavior and fate, environmental scientists are able to achieve an in-depth understanding of the benefits and risks of NPs. Also knowledge from SERS can guide the nanotechnology research community to develop and apply NPs in a safe and effective manner. With an outlook on the key challenges and potential solutions in the end, this review is expected to appeal a broad audience in the field of nanotechnology, interfacial chemistry, analytical chemistry, soil science, environmental science, food science, and nanotoxicology.

中文翻译：

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表面增强拉曼光谱在环境纳米颗粒分析中的应用

纳米技术的兴起已将大量具有纳米功能的消费产品引入了市场。对纳米颗粒（NPs）的应用感兴趣或关注的利益相关者，对他们在环境中的暴露途径，行为和命运有疑问。当前，检测和分析复杂环境样品中的NP既困难又具有挑战性。这篇综述总结了使用表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）作为NP分析的有价值的工具的尝试。影响SERS用于NP分析的可行性的关键因素是NP的材料类型，个体大小，主要形状，表面化学性质和空间排列。总结并比较了目前用于鉴定，表征和定量分析NP的SERS方法，具有关键的局限性和公认的问题。此外，还讨论了SERS在研究NP的环境行为和命运方面的应用。使用SERS探测和监视NP可以提供有关NP在环境中扮演的角色的重要见解。通过研究SERS检测NP的潜力并跟踪其环境行为和命运，环境科学家能够深入了解NP的利益和风险。来自SERS的知识也可以指导纳米技术研究界以安全有效的方式开发和应用NP。最终，我们将对主要挑战和潜在解决方案进行展望，有望吸引纳米技术，界面化学，分析化学，土壤科学，环境科学，食品科学，