The incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is increasing. The projection that it will surpass breast cancer to become the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030 serves as a wake-up call to stakeholders, including healthcare systems and researchers.1 Earlier diagnosis is one factor that could alter this trajectory. Correspondingly, the research community has made substantial efforts to find biomarkers that will enable the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer at a stage where it can be successfully treated.2 There are however, significant challenges. Pancreatic cancer is a very heterogeneous disease with great interindividual variation, as well as significant heterogeneity within the tumours of individuals.3 4 This calls for large sample sizes to ensure adequate representation of subtypes. Moreover, biomarker development programmes require samples to be separated into independent training and test sets, further increasing the quantity of samples needed. However, the number of new cases of pancreatic cancer per year is low compared with other common cancers. Therefore, in order to acquire sufficient samples of patients with cancer and control individuals for biomarker studies, multicentre collaborations are essential. Such collaborations require orchestration, as the use of standardised protocols for collection and storage of both case and control samples across centres …

中文翻译：

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基于代谢组学的生物标志物特征区分胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎

胰腺导管腺癌（PDAC）的发病率正在增加。到 2030 年它将超过乳腺癌成为癌症相关死亡的第二大原因的预测为包括医疗保健系统和研究人员在内的利益相关者敲响了警钟。 1 早期诊断是可能改变这一轨迹的一个因素。相应地，研究界做出了大量努力来寻找生物标志物，这些生物标志物能够在胰腺癌可以成功治疗的阶段进行诊断。2 然而，也存在重大挑战。胰腺癌是一种异质性很强的疾病，具有很大的个体差异，以及个体肿瘤内的显着异质性。3 4 这需要大样本量以确保亚型的充分代表性。而且，生物标志物开发计划要求将样本分成独立的训练集和测试集，从而进一步增加了所需样本的数量。然而，与其他常见癌症相比，每年胰腺癌的新病例数较低。因此，为了获得足够的癌症患者和对照个体样本进行生物标志物研究，多中心合作至关重要。这种合作需要协调，因为使用标准化协议来收集和存储跨中心的病例和对照样本…… 为了获得足够的癌症患者和对照个体样本用于生物标志物研究，多中心合作必不可少。这种合作需要协调，因为使用标准化协议来收集和存储跨中心的病例和对照样本…… 为了获得足够的癌症患者和对照个体样本用于生物标志物研究，多中心合作必不可少。这种合作需要协调，因为使用标准化协议来收集和存储跨中心的病例和对照样本……